Beautiful Mind Essay Example for Free

Beautiful Mind EssayJohn Nash first arrives as a current graduate bookman at Princeton University. There he meets his roommate Charles, a literature student, who soon becomes his best friend. He also meets a group of some other promising math and science graduate students.John sometimes goes out to a bar with his fellow students to try to meet women, but is always unsuccessful. However, the insure is what ultimately inspires his work in the concept of governing dynamics, a theory in mathematical economics. After the conclusion of Johns studies as a student at Princeton, he accepts a teaching offer at a prestigious institution, along with his friends Sol and Bender. It is while at this post that he meets Alicia, a student with whom he falls in love and eventually marries. While at Princeton, Nash runs into his former roommate Charles and meets Charless young niece Marcee.John Nash receives an invitation to the Pentagon to crack a complex encoding of enemy codes. He is able to decipher these codes mentally, impressing a certain mysterious William Parcher. This man later encourages John Nash to work for the government by looking for patterns in magazines and newspapers for a Soviet Plot. Involvement with Parcher came with chase scenes and gunfire, Nash eventually became paranoid and began behaving aggressively.In an attempt to help out a friend, Sol followed Nash during one of his late darkness top secret drop offs. Here Nash was seen placing enveloped documents in a mailbox at an abandoned establishment. Then one day during a lecture, Nash was caught trying to flee. He was sedated and sent to a psychiatric facility where he was interrogated.Alicia Nash, desperate to help her husband, visits the abandoned building only to find the never-opened top secret documents that Nash dropped there. She confronted her husband with this evidence, which at first he tried to deny true. Eventually he realized that William Parcher and the top secret missions were in fac t all a delusion.He had to go through a painful series of insulin shock therapy sessions. Afterwards Nash is released on the condition that he agrees to take antipsychotic medication. These drugs however, had side effects that affected his kindred with his wife. Frustrated, He secretly stops taking medication, which triggered a relapse. While bathing their baby, Nash becomes distracted and wanders off. Fortunately his wife manages to save their child from drowning. When she confronts Nash, he claims that his friend Charles was ceremonial occasion their son.Alicia was alarmed desperately trying to contact professional help. Charles, Marcee, and Parcher all appear to John and urge him to kill his wife rather than allow her to lock him up again. Just when Alicia was about to leave, Nash finally realizes that these people are not real when he observes that Marcee never gets old. Only then does he accept that all common chord of these people are, in fact, part of his psychosis.From th en on, Nash tries to live with these delusions by ignoring them. In his struggle to ignore these hallucinations, he approaches his old friend and rival Martin Hansen, now show of Princeton University. He is accepted to teach again. He is honored by his fellow professors for his achievement in mathematics. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in political economy for his revolutionary work on game theory. He got up and gave out his speech.

Globalization in the 1970s Essay Example for Free

Globalization in the seventies EssayGlobalization is not a impudent concept as there have been numerous cycles of globalisation stretching as far back as the ancient civilizations. The wave of globalization preliminary to the vegetable anele embargo was after the Second adult male contend. Although this period was marked with rapid sparing growth, it came to an end in 1973 after the Arab anoint embargo that resulted in a skip in cover prices. Financial globalization particularly can be termed as the integration of realms local pecuniary corpse with world-wide financial institutions and markets. The main agents of financial globalization ar the g overnments and w thence they need to liberalize any restrictions on their domestic financial vault of heaven and ceiling account of the equilibrize of payments if any rec crude oil of integration is to take place (Schmulker, 20045). Dammasch (2010 4) asserts that the economic environment in times of globalization chan ges rapidly with metropolis movements becoming larger and less controllable. thitherfore there is usually a need to create a stabilizing musical arrangement.The situation after the Second World War which was marked by falling credit institutions, mass unemployment, hyperinflation and bankruptcy of enterprises brought about such a necessity. The Bretton Wood brass thereby came into creation. Bretton woodlands agreement of 1944 was part of the decision by the alter countries to restructure themselves after the Second World War and the difficulties encountered especially after the First World War for the purpose of financial globalization.There was a great need for these nations to come up with workable rules and regulations which would direct them in the formulation of matter policies that would facilitate the hunt of common economic objectives (Kenen, 199411). The necessity and urgency of this legal structure was collectively agreed upon and accepted as it was viewed as a way o f avoiding the negative effects that had marred the inter-war period (King, 200330). The Bretton woods years that spanned from 1946-1971 are seen in retrospect as a princelyen age of capitalism with exchange govern stableness and rapid economic growth (King, 200330).This is beca utilize the system ensured that value of price pluss was just and that the exchange rates remained better for unlimited periods in all key industrialized countries. Moreover, the national income in the G7 countries rose more rapidly than in any an other(prenominal) comparable period. The system ensured long-run price stability for the whole population because the fixed price of money provided an ostensible anchor to the worlds money supply. Therefore by pegging their currencies to property, individual nations fixed their prices levels to that of the world (Bordor et al, 19931).King, 200330 emphasizes that the Bretton timber system had two main characteristics which were the existence of a set of ru les that consisted of fixed rates of exchange, capital controls and independent policies of domestic macroeconomics on one hand and US domination on the other hand. Capital control as was stipulated in the Bretton Woods system was officially authorized and every government was highly barely and had the right and obligation to control its movement of capital. Capital control is the ability of the government to control the in and out flow of capital to and from their country.This meant that bank terminate rates were not necessary when the central bank wanted to attract capital inflows or avoid flight of capital. As a consequence, the bank rate is maintained as low as possible (King, 200331). However, a countrys domestic economy can be adversely affected done inflation by in and out rapid flow of capital together with fixed rates of exchange. Capital controls essentially prevent rapid give of capital and can equip governments with the tools to prevent economic crisis in the future .In this system capital control played a significant role whereby it in effect regulated the fixed exchange rate system that had been agreed upon by members during the Bretton Woods agreement. Whenever exchange rates unavoidable adjustments capital control was an integral fortune of the adjustment mechanism. These controls were fundamental to the reconstruction and growth of the world(prenominal) trading system that had been devastated by global depression, the two world wars and hyperinflation. This meant that capital flow was highly restricted with countries prohibiting convertibility.In capital control, cash non-convertibility was the most restrictive form of control. The government was the only one permitted to have the exclusive authority to hold distant currency and to in addition to give it out to importers that had been approved by the government. Countries that fixed their exchange rates at levels that were unacceptable could therefore be monitored through this syste m (Eicher et al, 2009470). Kitschel (1999, p. 38) further expounds that the capital controls were viewed as instruments of exchange rate stabilization and also as means of securing full employment and other national economic priorities.Additionally the system condoned the controls not only for short term management of balance-of payment crises just now also for the purpose of domestic economic management. The limited capital-account convertibility was the most common form of restriction. It enabled the system to place limits and know who had the right and accessibility to foreign exchange rates. Moreover, qualitative restrictions were also put in place which urged for the limitations on the external asset and liability position of domestic financial institutions.The controls were also placed on foreign banks domestic operations as well as on occupier firms and on individuals direct savings, collection of foreign possessions and real estate property. Dual or multiple exchange rate system was another form of capital control that involved discrete rates for either commercial or financial performances (Kitschel, 199939). Therefore the system allowed members to regulate international capital movements as long as they did not restrict payment for current external proceeding.Although currencies would be freely convertible into one another after a transaction period, members were allowed to place capital controls on currency transactions if such capital flows threatened to overwhelm the nations balance on payment or exchange rate stability (McNamara, 200375). Forces challenging the system Although the Bretton Woods system was important to the economic prosperity after the Second World War, it nevertheless failed to deport the equally rapid growth in the advanced countries over the next 25 years. One of the reasons correspond to Kenen (1994, p.7) is the fact that the permanence and malleability of the system was slow being destabilized by the postwar system. The re were two vital roles of the Bretton Woods system. The first goal was geared towards producing exchange rates that were stable through the use of capital control and the second goal was meant to shield member nations from the shifting demands brought about by the flow of gold. Nonetheless, these goals highly contradicted each other because the system could not guarantee that global prices would remain stable as it inadequacyed an effective technique.Additionally, the imbeders of the Bretton Woods system explicitly designed the system in an effort to disentangle international monetary relations from power politics. Nonetheless postwar monetary relations were highly politicized and required constant political interventions to keep the system functioning smoothly. other flaw of the Bretton Woods design was that it lacked an effective, automatic mechanism to adjust and settle payment imbalances that inevitably arose between surplus and deficit countries.Under this system, a country that had a payment deficit most probably lost its gold which decreased the domestic monetary base and resulted in a decline in the currencys purchasing power. Inevitably, the countrys imports would fall, merchandiseations would rise and the payment would eventually balance. However, the loss of gold and the decrease in money supply also meant that there would be a fall in the cumulative domestic demand, which meant deflation or even the possibility of depression.These structural problems assured that chronic balance of payments would mushroom-shaped cloud into full-scale political problems, both domestically and between nations (Gavin,6). Originally, the Bretton Woods system was designed to produce stable exchange rates musical composition at the similar time shielding national economies from demand shifts produced by the flow of gold (Gavin,6). The founders wanted to set monetary arrangements that could combine the advantage of classic gold pattern i. e. the exchange rate stab ility with the advantage of float rates i. e.the independence to pursue national full employment policies. They mainly sought to avoid the defects of floating rates (destabilizing speculation and competitive beggar-than-thou-neighour policies). The disadvantage of fixed rates is that individual nations were exposed to both monetary and real shocks transmitted from the rest of the world via the balance of payment and other channels of transmission. The common world price level under the gold standard exhibited secular periods of deflation and inflation which reflected shocks to the demand for and supply of gold (Bordo et al, 19931).Countries like Germany and lacquer were reluctant to import foreign inflation and this could have attributed to the eventual collapse of the system. In the long run this broke the credibility of the fixed exchange rate commitment among countries and the willingness of the central bank of several countries to cooperate in order to maintain the fixed parit ies. In other words the system failed because the commitment by the US of fixed equality was not reliable due to the inflation that was accelerating (King, 200333).The collapse of the Bretton Woods system is also related to the increase speculative capital flows. With time as the dollar mark continued to decline, the US economy was unable to assure other countries that the dollar could be converted to gold at the fixed parity. In this view, the collapse of the system was related to the escalating in and out movements of capital and the lack of capacity of the dominant country, the US to control them (King, 200332).In conclusion the end of the Bretton Woods period can be said to have come when President Richard Nixon finally suspended the official conversion of the dollar into gold at $35 an ounce, shut d suffer the gold window and cut the exchange rate system loose. Importance of the Euromarkets The growth of the Euromarkets has been directly colligate to the expansion of the US mu ltinational firms, and the consequent expansion of US banking abroad.This growth of the market and its cultivation coincided with the increasing pressure of the US economy and the recoveries witnessed in the capitalistic economy. The Eurodollar market therefore took over aspects of a developed domestic credit system since it was operating globally and independently from the central banks. Therefore, Britain which was a low-productivity and low-wage country became the essence of global finance due to the contribution of the Eurodollar market. London developed as a center of global circulation of capital and hence became the worlds guide Eurodollar market.The regulation of the currency which allowed the partial and finally the full convertibility of the pound for those who were neither residents of the dollar or the sterling are some of the factors that brought about the growth and development of the Eurodollar market (Patel, 20071). This market was deemed important as it helped in redistributing surplus liquidity, in facilitating adjustments of internal liquidity in countries whose monetary systems rely on the import and export of short term funds through banks as a major monetary regulator.The Eurodollar market also helped to maintain world business activity at a high level by the availability of short term working funds. The Nixon Shock The Nixon Shock is termed as a series of economic measures that were interpreted by the then US president Richard Nixon in 1971. This decision was reached upon by various events which included the Vietnam War that had become too costly and had drained the gold reserves of US, the increased domestic spending that accelerated inflation, the balance of payment deficit by US and trade deficit (Engdahl, 20031).Additionally, the US dollar foreign arbitrage had also caused the governments gold coverage of the paper dollar to decline by 33 points from 55% to 22%. Therefore in 1971, President Nixon obligate tariffs on all imports o f 10 per cent to help reduce the trade deficit though it was removed in December the same(p) year. At the same time, a freeze was put on wages and prices for a period of 90 days in a bid to lower inflation with the federal Reserve Swap ending its support for other central banks.The convertibility of the dollar into gold was also ended and a limitation on gold transactions was put implying a decrease in the value of the dollar. This announced detached the US from the Bretton Woods system which collapsed from operation. After the gold convertibility of the dollar was suspended and tractile exchange rates emerged (James, 20101). After the Nixon shock, the US realized that it could exert more global influence through US treasury debt than from trade surpluses. In the 1970s oil was the only key commodity traded in dollars.This was due to the fact that the dollar was the only currency with the highest purchasing power and the only one that was plump for by gold (Dammasch, 20106). As a result the US realized that the other nations would continue to demand for dollars for them to buy oil which was by now blow up in price. Thereafter, US trade partners had so many dollars in their reserves that they feared to create a dollar crisis. Instead they inflated and eventually weakened their own economies to support the dollar system as they feared a global collapse.Therefore when the price of oil increased in 1973 the dollar surprisingly continued to put one over despite countries like Japan, Germany and the rest of the world suffering from severe economic destruction (Engdahl, 20031). Nonetheless, these measures did not help to restore or even quicken the economic growth rates of US or even correct the surplus reserves of dollars in Japan and Germany. From there henceforth, all the currencies of the Western nations began to float. There were no yearner set exchange rates in the international market since the common link that was there before i.e. the Bretton Woods Syste m, no longer existed. Ultimately, by the end of 1974, the price of gold had risen to $195 from $35 per troy ounce. As a result, due to unrestrained inflation there was a155% increase in the price of gold in a period of three years (James, 20101). Yom Kippur War The Yom Kippur War named after the Jewish holiest holiday, Yom Kippur began on October 1973 when Syrian and Egyptian forces endorse by Soviet Forces launched attacks on Israel forces in the Golan Heights and Sinai in an attempt to recapture the land occupied by Israelites.However, despite the surprise attack on Israel, they emerged victorious due to the immense backing from US who provided them with weapons and intelligence. Therefore in a bid to punish the Western world for their aid to Israel, the Arab nations placed the oil embargo. This was initially political tactic meant to pressure the US into requesting Israel to withdraw from the Arab territories. However, with time the Arabs used it as an economic tactic when they realized the amount of power they had over the world through oil.The prices of oil thereafter quadrupled and continued to be a threat not only to Americas economy but also to the whole world. After the Yom Kippur war the OPEC member states struck back against the West for their support of Israel by imposing an oil embargo which increased oil prices by 70%. Lending by Private Banks to Developing Nations The origin of the debt crisis in the Third World countries has been attributed to the expansion of banking society in the US at an international level together with the rapid economic growth in the world.Before the oil price crisis of 1973-74 began, the real domestic product growth rate of ontogeny countries averaged 6% annually. However, though the rate of growth had slowed down for the reminder of the 1970s it averaged 4-5%. This growth nonetheless generated new elicits by the US corporate investment and as well by other international banks. This multinationalism in providing fin ancial services contributed to the emergence of the Eurodollar market which gave the US banks access to funds that they could undertake Third World Loans on a large scale.Additionally, the sharp rise in crude oil accelerated the expansion in lending (LCD debt crisis, 2010192). The oil-exporting countries in the Arab world deposited their profits make during the oil crisis in banks in the atomic number 63an and US banks. This further fueled the lending boom. Since the banks had now been provided with more funds they became eager to make profits and hence invested it in developing nations by financing new development projects. The abrupt increase in oil prices brought about instant inflation into the prices of all other commodities.Moreover, the developing countries which had been crippled by these high oil prices saw this as an opportunity to borrow cheap money from the international banks so that they could beginning the large deficits ((LCD debt crisis, 2010192 Schmulker, 20042). These funds that were known as petrodollars and had been recycled back to developing nations therefore generated inflationary pressures around the industrial world and created the debt crisis in developing nations (Cypher and Dietz, 2008204). US High please RatesThe developing nations during the 1970s were given loans at very low interest rates. However, this situation changed when the US in the primal 1980s pushed up the interest rates of loans in an endeavor to stop inflation. This meant that the loans that had been lent out to Third World nations by US or other lending banks in Europe had to paid back with huge interests rates. Hence, by the 1980s the economy of Third World nations had began to stagnate and many nations were on the verge of bankruptcy due to the combining of mounting debts and low economic growth rates.The total debt had amounted to $567 billion and the high interest rates forced them to take out new loans which increased the consignment (Jauch, 20091). This dismal situation was further compounded by the oil shock of 1973 and 1979. This decision by OPEC crippled the economies of many Third World nations with the cost of merchandise energy rising. Therefore, the culminative result of this crisis saw many developing nations especially those in Latin America unable to pay their debts during this period. IMF Structural Adjustment ProgrammesWhen it became evident that these nations would be unable to service their loans, the IMF came up with conditions which were dubbed Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) to solve the debt crisis among developing countries (Shimko, 2009168). The SAP was proposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund which were organize during the Bretton Woods period. These programmes imposed various conditions for countries especially developing ones that intended to borrow more loans (Jauch, 20091). IMF claimed that these reforms were necessary for promoting the economic growth needed to pay back the l oans.The IMF required reforms to be carried out in the respective countries before aid could be provided. For example, Mexico whose debt burden grew faster than its own economy was loaned money by IMF to prevent a default. However, Mexico had to certain economic reforms before the loan could be dispatched. Although the conditions imposed on the developing nations differed, the same basic conditions were expected of all the nations (Shimko, 2009168). The various key reforms consort to Shimko 2009169 included Balancing of government budgets this entailed either increasing the revenue for the government (providing new fees for government services) or drastically reducing the government spending. Reducing quotas, tariffs and other import barriers this was aimed at subjecting the domestic industries to international competition. Liberalization of the capital market this basically meant reducing the restrictions on foreign investment. Reducing government subsidies to domestic industri es these subsidies are those that had been part of import substitution strategies. Privatizing or merchandising the government-owned industries to the private sector. Nonetheless, these conditions did not alleviate the dire economic nor bring any economic development but rather the conditions intensified the existing situation. Although IMF studies claimed that the growth rates in countries under this programme increased from -15% in the 1980s to only 0. 3% in the early 1990s and 1% by mid-1990s, the World bank declared that there was no evidence whatsoever to account for any economic growth (Shimko, 2009178).Additionally, lack of government subsidies or protection from foreign competition forced domestic industries to reduce their costs by lowering wages or by set off workers. Therefore the liberalization of trade and the opening up of economies to unrestricted foreign investment had a deleterious impact on the poor nations and raft (Shimko, 2009177). Effects of the High vegetab le oil Prices in the 1970s As a result of the Bretton Woods system and the oil shock, a new wave of globalization began. Recession was prevalent with unemployment peaking at 9.1% industrial production went down by 15% and high inflation in all areas. Additionally, when the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates collapsed, countries were now opened up to greater capital mobility and they also retained the autonomy of their monetary policies. The Brandy Bonds came into existence when Mexicos curate of Finance announced that the country would be forced to default on its debt. The default on loans worsened as more banks in developing nations certain the IMF and Chairman of the Federal Reserve of their inability to service their debts in time (LDC debt crisis, 2010191).The Brandy Bonds in a bid to resolve the debt crisis of the 1980 not only led to the consequent development of the bonds market but also brought about a new phenomenon especially for emerging economies. Moreover, technological advancement, privatization and deregulation (which resulted in the corporate culture with national interests of decreasing consideration in business decisions) made foreign direct investment and equity investment in the emerging markets even more magnetic for households and firms in the developed nations (Schmulker, 20042).Overall, there was a severe recession which hit the hardest the Western world. In Wall Street, oil stocks performed well due to the price increase as the profits soared as the rest of the market buckled under the low prices. Before the oil embargo was imposed by OPEC members, the price of crude oil was mainly determined by major oil companies in the West which retained 65% of the revenue of the oil. This type of arrangement was referred to as oligopolistic market arrangement.This meant that oil prices that had been posted in the market were established with the taxes and royalties paid to the exporting governments on the basis of this price. However following the embargo, property rights were transferred to the host countries from the major companies that had operated the industry and hence the cartel was able to take over the functions of the companies and retain more of the revenue generated Thereafter, the determination of crude oil price was passed into the hands of OPEC which set an official selling price for the best known among its crude.At the same time individual members were given the opportunity to adjust their selling prices in relation to this market according to the quality of the oil being produced (Trumbore, 20101). The continued high oil prices encouraged the exploration and subsequently the production of oil in high-cost oil regions such as Canada, Mexico, and North Sea. During the 1970, the increased demand of fossil fuels and increased prices for the product greatly reduced globalization. As the nations became more advanced, the rate of globalization declined.Although globalization grew for a while after th e embargo, the rate of growth began to decline as the oil prices decreased (Okogu, 20031). The oil embargo impacted severely on the economy of Japan resulting in energy price inflation since by this time it was the only developed nation that relied heavily on oil with very few hydrocarbon reserves or any other alternatives. Japan was therefore forced to reconsider its industrial model. The oil shocks catalyzed the rapid turnaround which enabled Japan to become the leading energy force country.The petroleum Supply and Demand Optimization Law was aimed at setting oil targets and restricting oil use. Japans vision after the oil embargo was to reduce its dependence of oil from the Middle East, therefore it started to charge import taxes on all petroleum products especially those that were used to generate power. Japan therefore became a pioneer in liquefied natural gas which today accounts for half of the worlds market. During this period, Japanese car brands like Toyota and Honda whic h had previously sold unwell enjoyed enormous success in the US market.Americans who had traditionally been fond of big cars were now confronted with a new challenge that included higher oil prices tended to(p) by long queues at the gas stations and rationing of gasoline. They therefore began to demand more of the Japanese brands for their small size and fuel-efficiency (Stewart and Wilczewski, 20091). Conclusion Even today, the sawhorse System is still the real source of global inflation since t is the only global reserve currency as it has been witnessed worldwide since the 1971.Other countries in the world have to ensure that the reserves of their central banks are in dollars if they are to trade in the international market. This helps to guarantee against currency crisis, to back their export trade and to finance the importation of oil. Today, 67% of all central bank reserves are dollars (Engdahl, 20031). The debt crisis in the 1970s created by various variables including the oil embargo, the peculiar borrowing and poor economic planning crippled the economy of many developing nations in Africa and Latin America.Despite efforts by the World Bank and IMF to offset these payment balances, the situation remained virtually unchanged. Ironically, other countries like Japan and US though they were affected by the rise in oil prices, were able to rise above the situation through oil exploration in their own countries which reduced their reliance on the imported oil from Middle East. Therefore, though the oil embargo did touch the economies of all the different nations, the degree and intensity was not the same.While other countries were completely devastated e. g. Third World nations others in the West found ways of reviving and even propelling their economies to greater heights. References Bordo, M, Eichengreen, B and National Bureau of Economic Research (1993). Bretton Woods System A Retrospect. London. University of Chicago Press. Dammasch, S. (2010). The Bretton Woods System. Online Available from http//www. ww. uni-magdeburg. de/fwwdeka/student/arbeiten/006. pdf Dietz, J and Cypher, J. (2008). Economic Development Process.New York. Taylor Francis. Eicher, T, Mutti, J and Turnovsky, M. (2009). International Economics. Taylor Francis. Engdahl, W. (2003). The Dollar System US Economic Reality. Online Available from http//www. engdahl. oilgeopolitics. net/1973_Oil_Shock/Dollar_System/dollar_system. hypertext markup language Garber, P, Dooley, M and Folkerts-Landau, D. (2005). International Financial Stability. Online Available from http//people. ucsc. edu/mpd/InternationalFinancialStability_update. pdf Gavin, F. The Cold War Gold Battles.American Monetary Policy the Defense of Europe, 1960-1963. Online Available from http//www. utexas. edu/lbj/faculty/gavin/articles/gold_battles. pdf Jauch, H. (2009). How Africa was destroyed by the World Bank, IMF- Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP). Online Available from http//www. newsrescu e. com/2009/05/how-the-imf-world-bank-and-structural-adjustment-programsap-destroyed-africa/ Kenen, P. (1994). Managing World Economy. Washington. Institute for international Economics. King, E, J. (2003). The Elgar Companion Economics.Cheltenham. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Kitschelt, H. (1999). Continuing Change in Contemporary Capitalism. Cambridge. Cambridge University. Okogu, B. (2003). Changing Oil Market in North Africa Middle East. online Available from http//www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/okogu/okogu. htm Patel, H. (2007). The Eurodollar Market Contribution to the Modern Financial World. Online Available from. http//www. pharmasuppliers. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=14catid=13Itemid=20

Prejudice And Discrimination Against Indians Cultural Studies Essay

Prejudice And Discrimination Against Indians Cultural Studies EssayThe state in capital of capital of capital of Singapore is ab push through 4.9 million people, 3.7 million people be Singaporeans and Permilitary personnelent Residents while the rest are foreigners. The ethnic distribution of Singaporeans is as follows, 9.2% of Singapores world is Indians, 13.4% of Singapores population is Malays, 74.2 % of Singapores population are Chinese, while the remaining 3.2% of Singapores population are Eurasians. (http//www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/sif2010.pdf)From the above mentioned statistics Indians are one the minority groups in Singapore while the Singapore population is dominated by the Chinese race.The pursuit paper will highlight the racism against Indians in Singapore from the majority race which is the Chinese population. This topic has been chosen because the author has experienced racism in many forms from the Chinese population in Singapore, thus the author is able t o relate to this topic better and shew better suggestions to solve the problem on hand.According to Nadra Kareem, one of the major causes of racism is because of the skin colouration, where the minorities are rejected by the society and suffer vocal abuse because of their ethnic background. (http//racerelations.about.com/od/understandingrac1/a/internalizedracism.htm)The following are two quotes taken from interviews (conducted by me) to strengthened Nadra Kareems statement.Vinodini, 25I was about 13 years old when this incident happened, I went to the swimming school with my female group of friends. I and my friends did not really know how to swim, we just went for the sake to try out something new. My group of friends were wearing our swimming costume and we were about to enter the pool when a Chinese man said to his wife Charcoal coming deep down the pool lets go. At that point I felt so insulted. I did not know whether to scold him or just simply run inter national to escap e the humiliation. From that daylight onwards I lost the interest in swimming and I have never worn a swimming costume.The following statement illustrates the point that colour is a cause of racism, naturally swimming costumes tends to show more of the system and the Chinese man had to comment on her colour as charcoal. The respondents body is shamed by being referred to as charcoal (in relation to its black colour) and on a worse note the Chinese man felt that by the respondent entering the pool it meant that the man and his wife should leave the pool and that they cannot be in the same pool together. On a whole this incident is extremely damaging to Indians confidence in their body.Thevandran, 16During primary school there was an incident whereby a Chinese boy from my mark would cover his nose and encourage other students to cover their noses because he thought I was smelly and dirty. When I confronted him he told me that it was his parents who told him that Indians dont bathe at all. That day I convinced myself that I did not want to socialize with the Chinese.In both instances it can be noted that there are actually racially-motivated racism by the Chinese against the Indians in Singapore based on their colour. The multiple disgraceful terms such charcoal and dirty is mainly to mock the Indian body as inferior to theirs. Ardis C. Martin, M.D. states that if ones culture continues to be devalued it results in low self-esteem. (http//ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/32/4/338) In both cases above, the respondents felt insulted by the remarks that they received. Vinodini did not ever want to swim again while Thevandran did not want to socialise with Chinese to ease his pain.Top of divisionBottom of FormSection III WHY THIS PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION AFFECT SOCIETY AND IS IMPORTANTThe racism of Chinese against Indians in Singapore should not be treat lightly and must be treated seriously. One only has to look back into Singapores history and rem ember of the two racial events that nearly tore apart(predicate) Singapore The Maria-Hertogh Riots and 1964 Race Riots.On 11 of December 1950 the court decided to award custody of Maria Hertogh (who was raised by Muslims) her biological Catholic parents. outraged Muslims protested the decision which eventually led to rioting when images showing Maria Hertogh kneeling before a statue of Mother Mary were published. Rioting in Singapore lasted 3days. umpteen properties were destroyed but more importantly 173 people were injured and 18 were killed. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Hertogh_riots)The 1964 Race Riots was a series of riots that took place in Singapore in July and folk mingled with Chinese and Malay racial groups. The racial violence killed 36 people and a further 556 people were injured. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore)The following two events illustrate how racial conflicts can destroy Singapore.To deal with this situation the government h as continuously and actively promoted racial harmony as the key pillar of the nation through several(a) policies and measures emphasizing tolerance, understanding and respect among the distinct races and religions in Singapore. (http//www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20100429-213067.html)Singaporeans are also constantly regularly reminded in prescribed speeches of the racial in events in Singapores history and how it threatened to engulf the nation in turmoil. (http//www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/sp/nationaldayrally2009/090817_hard_work_on_harmony.html)The situation in Britain/United Kingdom will now be discussed, whereby Indians there are one of the minority race groups and they are discriminated violently and viciously by the majority groups.Even though the situation in Singapore regarding the racism against Indians by the Chinese may be seem as tame as compared to the situation in Britain/United Kingdom, lessons has to be learnt from those countries to prevent our nations hereafter from becoming bleak as Britain and United Kingdom.Section IV WHERE CAN WE START TO FIX THE PROBLEMRacism of Indians by the Chinese in Singapore results in marginalisation between the two groups and thus creates divide within the multi-racial society within Singapore. (http//www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20100429-213067.html)There are many measures put in place by the government to tackle the issue of racism between the different racial groups. During Mr Lee Hsien Loong National twenty-four hour period Rally speech in 2009 he mentioned about Singapores efforts at fostering harmony among the different races and religions. (http//www.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/sp/nationaldayrally2009/090817_hard_work_on_harmony.html).The reason for doing so is to create social interaction between different races and thus promote cultural diversity among them. Examples to promote national integration between the different races include t hrough promotion of public housing, national service, educational policies, the mass media and grassroots organizations.One such measure I suggest to tackle the issue of racism against the Indians by the Chinese is to implement a system in primary schools whereby for one day a Indian student will have to live a Chinese students house. The next day the Chinese student will have to live in the Indian students house. This thus creates the social interaction required to foster harmony between the different racial groups. The reason for implementing this system during primary school is because young children are impressionable and through interaction at this age it will continue a trend to interact with other races as they grow up.Martin Luther King once said I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. I totally agree with him, through the implementation of my idea it will help Chinese in Singapore to judge Indians bas ed on their character and nothing else, thus creating a harmonious and multi-racial Singapore for all to see. (http//changingminds.org/analysis/i_have_a_dream.htm)THE END

The Social And Cultural Implications Of The Internet Media Essay

The Social And Cultural Implications Of The Internet Media EssayThe remit of this essay is to discuss the social implication of the net profit. It ordain focus on look for findings and the range of authors and theorist in this field. A critical approach will raise arguments both in support and against the implications of the lucre. An evaluation of the evidence will countenance in the conclusion of the essay.In 1973 American computer scientist, Vinton Cerf contributed to the invention of the Internet and its development of transmission protocols. This project was sponsored by the United States De tripment of defence, Advanced research projects agency and directed by American engineer Robert Kahn. Ament (2007)Worldwide network of thousands of computers and computer networks. It is a public, voluntary, and cooperative effort between the connected institutions and is non avered or operated by any single organization.If we single out the section that states is not owned or opera ted by any single governing this al nonp aril should raise questions regarding social intrusion and its social implication and ramification, the most all-important(prenominal) issue here, is that there is no control on what is available via this commodious accessible medium.With technological advancement and public accessibility the meshwork has be fuck a mass medium and has changed our world dramatically. It has evoked strong public discussions from one extreme to the next on its implications on society. On one hand, the internet can be seen for its great benefits, it has become a public forum in the form of freedom, connectivity and many other social benefits which happen to evolve at an accelerating rate. However, others recognise its faults and its harm within various social structures, to culture, morality and human dealings and others who atomic number 18 not so extreme in their views but atomic number 18 able to recognise both its advantages and disadvantage but remai n vigilant of its alert ostracise impacts.The following is an excerpt from the book Release author Esther Dyson, where she acknowledges the social and cultural implications of the internet.The net offers us a chance to take charge of our own lives and to redefine our role as citizens of local communities and of global society. It also hands us the responsibility to govern ourselves, to think for ourselves, to educate our children, to do business honestly, and to work with fellow citizens to design rules we want to live by. (Dyson 1997)Esther Dyson is implying that the internet enables individuals who share the same interest, values and beliefs to come together and offers them the chance to build a society or community. Here these individuals are able to converse their work, engage in truth-telling which allows trust to be built between pile, and can act as a spot home for many.The internet has given religious leaders cause for concern as this extreme position depicted by the Cou ncil of Torah sages who are a company of orthodox rabbis in Israel who enforced a rule in the banning of the internet from all Jewish homes in 2000. According to a news bare posted online by Linda Harrison (2000) which states that the internet is described as the worlds leading cause of temptation. It is also said that the internet is 1,000 quantify more dangerous than television and were criminalise thirty years earlier, although the Council were able to recognise some benefits that the internet possesses, they saw and defined the internet as moral pollution. They considered the possibility of internet addiction in many youths which would stop any motivation to learn the Torah. In support of this according to online Islamic news website claims that a new law has been enforced in Syria of the banning of certain websites for example, websites which publish knowledge criticising the president and his family. Not quite as extreme as the council of Torah sages, Syria too wants to h ave control over what it macrocosm made available online and hope this new internet law will be effective.Many internet critics, unlike the Council of Torah sages, see some positives in the internet and its technology, and many of them are able to recognise its faults to the medium. In the main the general public form their own opinions on what they believe to be advantages and disadvantage of the internet and can differ in the way in which they are able to use them against one another.Underneath these is the different value systems mickle hold in relation to the internet. For example, Esther Dyson values a libertarian system, where a persons freedom, property rights and free market capitalism are maximized. This positive attitude towards the internet is based on the potential she believes that technology uses to promote these values. In contrast to this, the values held by the Council of Torah sages are of a Hareidi nature. These are a variety of orthodox Jews, which according t o them the highest good is the homage of Gods law which has been laid out in the Torah, they formulate and base many of their values according to what is written in the Torah and conclude that the internet is stabbing.The internet is beaver known for providing the ability for freedom of run-in, connectivity, access to information, communication, and entertainment, developing and maintaining social relations. All of these are functions the internet has been designed specifically to provide services for individuals allowing them to successfully act many different tasks. It is claimed that the internet has adapted other benefits which were not intentional such as, development and understand of a variety of different cultures and social backgrounds.This is collectible to the vast amount of information the internet houses which allow anyone, anywhere to access. Information is continuously cosmos made available by millions of individuals who are lucky tolerable to have access to t he internet. Reliable information is of huge importance to the functioning for those who use the internet. If mass trust the information provided on the internet they will overcompensate to use and pass around information encouraging more people to access it. It allows individuals to gain more knowledge and acquire information which is seen as a huge benefit to our society.Another advantage of the internet is known as Information dissemination this enables anyone easily and inexpensively to upload and disseminate any information which can be made available to a wide audience, which can very quickly become widespread reaching millions of people. This helps promote freedom of speech by giving people the ability to share and voice there opinions, where they can inform and influence others. This is considered to be a benefit however how people interpret this information can determine whether freedom of speech can be considered a benefit.The internet has a huge impact on how users are able to communicate with each other. The internet allows one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many to communicate over the internet easily and inexpensively through the use of social networking sites and chartrooms such as Facebook, Myspce, and MSN Messenger. Users are able to communicate with a variety of individuals across the globe this goes far beyond the idea of dissemination of information. Communication over the internet allows two or more people to express and share their values and opinions with each other, which could lead to the creation of intimacy and the following of actions. Communication is of great importance to individuals and the internet is apply to enhance communication and is considered a great benefit.The internet allows development and maintenance of social relations to take place with people outsides ones surrounding area. It is very important that social relations are able to function in society between individuals. The internet provides services which all ow the development and the maintenance of social relations to continue to grow. For example social networking sites like Facebook and forms of leisure and entertainment. For example, individuals are able to set up forums where they are able to interact with each other play games, discussing hobbies and interest which allow sharing and trading to take place, Individuals are able to share cultural jokes, pictures, software, music and videos.Despite this, the internet has some frequently mentioned flaws. These disadvantages come directly from the internets benefits. One can not deny the fact that the internet creates new possibilities for communication, social interaction, entertainment and many more. However, it can be argued that when these services are performed over the internet they tend to become much more harmful than they would be when performed in reality.According to Hubert Dreyfus a Professor of Philosophy at the University of atomic number 20 who suggested that online soc ial relationships tend to be less pro free-base, valuable and durable than offline relationships, and that computer-mediated communication less expressive and authentic than face-to-face communication (Dreyfus, 2001), meaning that if relationships are started and essential over the internet between two people, when meeting each other for the first time face-to-face complications may occur. The ways in which two people interact with each other over the internet differ from when face-to-face. For example, body language and facial expression is made visible when face-to-face compared to when interacting online. It can be said that because people are able to interact over the internet they tend to take less time and make less effort to accept in face-to-face interactions, which is harmful to how they react in social interactions.Communicating over the internet can tend to be harmful. Conversations can at times become aggressive and violent. The internet can contain a large amount of disrespectful texts which have been posted by individuals using the internet that others may find offensive. The internet has been used as a form of harassment where the victim has no control over what is being displayed concerning their personal life, compared to if this were being communicated verbally in reality.Although the internet provides a vast amount of information which can be seen as a positive, it can also be seen as a negative. It is suggested that because of the lack of selection mechanisms the information provided on the internet can at times be false and unreliable. It is difficult to locate sources of different text found of the internet making it loose value. If the information found on the internet can not be trusted less and less people will feel the need to use it giving more traditional ways of finding information more power.With a vast amount of information comes harmful information. Almost anything and everything can be found on the internet because of the la ck of selection mechanisms what is being posted on the internet is hard to locate and remove. The internet contains a large amount of disturbing material which can be easily accessed by anyone using it for example, pornography, violence towards animals and other human beings, extremist ideologies and so on. Most of this is shown in the media compared to the internet it is being controlled and censored to what is being seen.In concluding the evidence found though research it is clear that the internet raises ripple reaction from both it users and its critics. In order to begin to understand the social and cultural implications of the internet it is vital that one is able to recognise the internets positive and negative aspects and how each service provided by the internet is used to benefit the individual. The internet allows people to gain a vast amount of knowledge and communicate with people across the globe. Individuals are able to share and receive information concerning person al interests with those with similar interest.The idea of freedom of speech has no limit although this can be seen as a concern It is not possible to control everything that is being circulated over the internet therefore it is up to us as individuals in how we make and use the information which is being made available. Only if we can acquire an understanding of the social and cultural implications of the internet and relate this to our own values and beliefs as individuals can we then determine whether or not the internet is harmful or has a positive effect.What is clear is that the internet is a significant part of our modern culture its invasive and has its own social norms encapsulating societies from around the globe whatever our personal or collective opinions may be it will continue to grow and the question of diluting, restricting or even licensing the internet could have implications on this very unique social structure. Many critics would like to see these restrictions be ing imposed and like the internet this debate will also continue to grow dividing those for and those against.

How Does Law And Order SVU Portray Women?

How Does honor And Order SVU Portray Women?Contents1. IntroductionThis study examines the representation of women on Television which is one of the most litigious topics surrounding the medium and is concentratedly dissected in this day and age. I forget be conducting my inquiry detailally on portrayal of women in constabulary and Order particular(prenominal) Victims Unit. The interrogatory should reveal whether the depicting of young-bearing(prenominal) characters on Law and Order is prescribed or negative.1.1 Women On TVJoseph (2004) argues that women were underrepresented on network dramatic shows in 1950s to the 1970s and when they did appear, they were frequently seen in token or stereotyped lineaments. Although representation of women have changed great(p)ly in the last two decades as we be progressing into a more contemporary society, the question is, has it really changed forward-looking representations of women or it merely replicates gender stereotypes (Do bash et al. 1998). In recent years, Xena Warrior Princess and Buffy The vampire Slayer pioneered the strong leading fe masculine characters in fantasy genre. Magoulick (2006) elucidates the positive re beguiles of Xena and Buffy demonstrate the extent to which these women characters oscillate with fe manly viewers longing for strong role models, or even just strong womanly roles on idiot box. However, these characters were based in fantasy and science fiction genre. Still, programmes like Cagney and Lacey, Cats Eyes and Juliet Bravo surface the way for future strong female characters which were popular police/detective dramas depicting strong women.1.2 Law Order Special Victims UnitCurrently in its 13th season, Law and Order SVU first aired in 1999. The detectives on the team solve sexually motivated offenses and child ab ingestion cases, which includes an exceptionally strong female lead character Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and other popular female characters such as Ama nda Rollins (Kelli Giddish), Assistant District attorney Alexandra Cabot (Stephanie March) and Assistant District Attorney Casey Novak (Diane Neal). Law Order Special Victims Unit offers a unique blend of characteristics placed within a masculine detective genre with strong main female lead along with a male partner, Detective Elliot Stabler portrayed by Christopher Meloni. The episodes often feature real life offence stories and create episodes based on crime stories ripped from the headlines (Green 2009, pp.2). Law Order Special Victims Unit is one of the most successful and popular spin off series of Law and Order immunity which has won galore(postnominal) awards as salutary as the 2006 Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Mariska Hargitay (Emmys, 2006) who describes female audiences reaction to her character Olivia Benson in Greens restrain Law Order Special Victims Unit The Unofficial CompanionAs the show got more popular, I received so many emails f rom so many survivors. They were identifying so much with my character, identifying with this lion, this strong powerful (Olivia Benson). And then I had thirteen-years-old going, I destiny to be you you atomic number 18 my role model. Hundreds of emails going, I want to be a cop when I grow up. And I thought this character has touched something deep in so many women and profferd a rock-steady place to go I felt I had a responsibility.(Green 2009, pp. 90)1.3 Relevance Of The ResearchWomen representation on picture has profound value to female audiences because they view strong characters as role models. Singh, Vinnicombe and James (2006) studied career-minded women who keenly draw on role models from different aspects of like, television being one of them. They disc everyplaceed that women utilize female characters from Television as role models such as Buffy, Alias and Xena The Warrior Princesss. Analysing this aspect of female characters on Law Order Special Victims Unit leave alone append me with the tools to examine the codes used in the portrayal of women.Research has been conducted on Law and Order Special Victims Unit in the past i.e ethnic minorities, victimisation of women. For example Britto (2007, p40) has deconstructed that portrayal of women are overplayed on crime drama series as offenders and victims with the attention of content analysis in her term Does Special pixilated Young, White and effeminate? Deconstructing the Meaning of Special in Law Order Special Victims Unit. Furthermore, there has been extensive research on representation of ethnic minorities, male and female on Law and Order Special Victims Unit. However, my research will focus on the female characters such as Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay), Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish), Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot (Stephanie March) and Assistant District Attorney Casey Novak (Diane Neal) and deconstruct the codes utilise to characterize them.2. Literature Revi ewTheoretical framework will direct my research in a focus manner whilst facilitating a proficient and comprehensive analysis. It will provide a major foundation for my investigation. As representation of women is such a diverse topic, I will focus and limit my research with the help of theoretical framework to achieve an accurate conclusion.2.1 Representation Of Women On TVIn dress to build my research, the story of women representation would greatly aid in my investigation. Consequently, DAccis (1994) meticulous exploration of Cagney and Lacey, which aired from 1981 to 1988 and widely recognized as an innovative treatment of running(a) women would provide the perfect groundwork for the investigation. While researching this withstand, DAcci had unprecedented access to the set, to production meetings, and to the complete production files, including correspondence from network executives, publicity firms, and thousands of viewers. In this book she examines the ontogeny of women characters and the representation of feminism on blush-time television. This would provide me thorough knowledge of what goes behind making a drama series with female lead characters and will furnish me with the right tools to compare the representation of female characters on Law and OrderSVU. Furthermore, it contains other example from the history of American television which would be beneficial for my research. Brunsdon, Charlotte and Spigels (2007) book Feminist Television Criticism A Reader provides a detailed examination extending across television, media and screen studies which looks into representation of feminism as historical categories and policy-making identities. This book gives a valuable analysis of women working behind the camera and in-front of the camera as well as female audience and their response to television in their daily lives. I would be able to evaluate the depiction of women on Law Order SVU in regards to historical and political viewpoint.The repre sentation of females on the television screen has been a subject of much discussion since the television became commercially available in the late 1930s. In 21st Century, even though television produces programs like Pan Am, Charlies angels, The Playboy Club with female lead characters, they are pacify viewed through a very patriarchal ideology (Ingham, 2007). Dominicks (1979) article The portrayal of women in prime time, 1953-1977 concludes that female characters appearing on prime-time television from 1953-1977 were underrepresented on television and were frequently seen in stereotyped roles. This article will help me setting the groundwork for my research as I can put female characters on Law and Order SVU side by side with precedent characters. Further research (Elasmar, Kazumi and Brain, 2009) showed that women were more likely to be shown playing minor roles and playing characters of housewives and involved in a romantic relationship. I would need to upgrade explore the pr ofundity of women representation on television which will allow me to conduct adept research.Gills (2007) work on Gender and Media looks like an interesting book for my research which explores the contradictory character of contemporary gender representations. Gender and the Media is also concerned with the theoretical tools available for analyzing representations. A range of approaches from semiotics to postcolonial theory are discussed, and Gill asks how useful notions such as objectification, backlash, and positive images are for making sense of gender in todays Western media which revives to my current study.Melanie (2011) cross-examines the construction of feminism and muliebrity in cinema and television from a wide variety of female centric programs such as chick flicks, reality shows and drama. This book will provide me with the understanding of the relationship between feminism, femininity, and optical culture and tools to analyze images of female representation in media.2 .1.1. yarn Writing The WomanIn order to relate characters and peak interest of the audience, formulation of the character through narrative is of uttermost importance. The character and narrative in the text have an emotional connection and resonate with the reader if they identify with the character. Hence, analysis of female representation in Law and Order SVU through their characterization in the narrative would allow me to deconstruct the signs from the text. Furthermore, specific aesthetic and narrative strategies used by the producers to create characters also append to feminism and female representation (Geetha, 2007). Mulveys (1975) innovative article Visual Pleasure and Narrative moving picture would greatly aid in exploring the relation of narrative structure in construction of female characters in Law and Order SVU where she unravels the narrative and visual techniques in cinema and puts forward the male cinematic gaze that objectifies the female character, hence, tur ning her into a spectacle, to-be-looked-at-ness (1975, 19). Mulvey (2009) revisits her theory in Visual and Other Pleassure by applying her feminist theory to more contemporary work concerning film spectatorship. She also talks ab away young modern woman of the 1920s in terms of images and narratives employed in Hollywood and European films which will be relevant to assess portrayal of women in Law and Order SVU.In regards to narrative and women representation in media, Teresa de Lauretiss (1984) work would facilitate my research in the right direction as she investigates the structural representations of woman in cinema. De Lauretis (1984) disagrees with Mulveys (1975) theory of women representation as being for good subjective and affirms that it is in a consistent stage of self-progression. De Lauretis believes that narrative structure draws upon the characters aspiration in social and cultural context and reproduces subjectivity. De Lauretis argues that female characters are theorise to incline towards femininity and conventionally portrayed as ideal image perceived by men (1984, 143). De Lauretiss conclusion of womens oppression by employing techniques of cinematic tale would provide a diverse perspective in representation of women in Law and Order SVU.2.2 Women Crime GenreThe characteristics of gender have been reallocated in modern era in crime dramas where the female and male personalities are synthesized. The transformation also saw the shift of feminine traits of emotions, compassion and bond between traditionally masculine traits of heroism, vigor, and power giving rise to alternative action hero (Feasey 2008, p. 67). In 1970s and 1980s, crime genre progressively began depicting women in fundamental characters embarking on TV revolution. Snauffers (2006) book called Crime Television would aid in my research tremendously as it would be idyllic to find out the history of crime genre as it was dominated by men (Maureen 1988, p. 2). Since the beg inning of television, crime dramas have been a prime genre of TV. check to Snauffer (2006), crime television has proven to be a fascinating reflection of changes and developments in the culture at large. In the 50s and early 60s, the square-jawed, just-the-facts detectives of The Untouchables and The FBI put police work in the outstrip light contingent. As the 60s gave way to the 70s, however, the depictions gained more subtle shading, and The Streets of San Francisco, The Rockford Files, and Baretta offered conflicted heroes in more complex worlds. This trend has of course continued in more recent decades, with Steven Bochcos dramas pursuance a new realism through frank depictions of language and sexuality on television. In chronicling these developments and illustrating how the genre has reflected our ideas of crime and crime solving through the decades, power Douglas Snauffer here provides essential reading for any fan. This work provides a comprehensive history of detective and police shows on television which will contribute to my research immensely. Turnbull (2013) in her book The Crime Drama TV Genres provides a historical study of the crime drama series as a genre which presents a number of case studies to clarify major concerns in the course of the genre. This book will facilitate my argument as it looks at female led crime drama series from around the world such as The Wire and The Killing.Crime dramas generally feature subject matter related to public orbital cavity with male dominance, however, the addition of female characters into crime genre has enabled to pursue a dynamic approach concerning gender bending transgressions, domestic issues and other feminist concerns (Feasey 2008). Nevertheless, women werent unendingly depicted as strong willed and independent on TV. Cavender (1999) examines the depiction of women crime victims by comparing episodes from reality crime program. He analyzed that women talked about their development however, men spoke more often and presented master narratives about the crimes. In both seasons, the program imagery emphasized feminine vulnerability to forcefulness from strange, devious, and wild men and masculine technical expertise and authority as womens protection from such violence. His analysis would be helpful in further studying the crime genre as well as involvement of women. Humphries (2009) examines women, violence, and media presentations through the lens of feminist criminology. This book contains chapters on Gendering Constructions which lays the foundation for the volume and examines media presentation of gendered violence, female killers on Law and Order and women in media. This book will give me tools to analyze the media text meticulously.In crime genre, male protagonist used to focus on solving the crime neglecting the public concerns during the process. Though, attitudes started to change when women were portrayed unconventionally as brave, independent and intelligen t characters breaking away from the societal norm resulting in constitution a new feminist archetype (Aisenberg, 1994). In her book Ordinary heroines Transforming the male myth Aisenberg (1994, p. 240) believes that female representation has progressed into equal active crime-solving characters with slight borrow from conventional masculine traits such as Dana Scullys (Gillian Anderson) character in The X Files who was a powerful and independent professional woman even though FBI component roles were profoundly male-dominated.Cuklanz and Moorti (2009) examine a wide variety of text to delve into the representations of gendered violence against women and formulation of gender. They believe that Law and Order SVU featuring lead female characters manoeuver in stereotypical representation of women showcasing violence against them including inherent misogynist communiqu. Cavender and Jurik (2012) inspect the optimistic side of representation of women on TV as they analyse blossom Su spect starring Helen Mirren as policewoman Jane Tennison in popular British drama series where her character disrupts the conventions of the traditionally male genre (p.65). They focus on the portrayal of gender and law enforcement in the show featuring modern social tribulations where women play the central character. On one hand, Prime Suspect has become a cult hit for being an exceptionally feminist show in a traditionally male dominated crime genre. On the other hand, it is still not devoid of gender politics where Tennisons character shown as a successful woman is pigeonholed into an old lonely and friendless career woman. Cavender and Jurik (2012) work will provide the framework to deconstruct the meanings and connotation in depiction of women in Law and Order SVU in relations to social norm.There has been a dramatic rise in representation of women detective in modern text whether be film or television which used to be dominated by men (Mizejewski, 2004). Whilst examining Jodi e Fosters character Clarice on The Silence Of The Lambs, Mizejewski believes that traditional Hollywood cinema has been unconsciously organized along these lines men looking and taking action, women being looked at. The conventions of framing, redness and editing in portrayal of women all play to these dynamics (p. 7). Tasker (2007) believes women representation has progressed tremendously in recent years with transformed and empowered gender equalitarianism however, there is still substandard issue. Gender is a key constructor and differentiator of character in ensemble workplace dramas (Allen 2007, p 48). The meticulous examination of Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) in Reading CSI by Michael Allen, a popular crime drama including the relationship of characters to their narratives and response of fans would provide great depth and widespread view which I can apply to Law and Order SVU during my research.1.3 Female HeroineGunter (1986) argues that women are represented in a stereo typical manner associating with the characters traits they typically exhibit. In comparison with men, their characters were subjugated by personal relationships and family issues. However, this began to change in the 1970s when women were portrayed in more dynamic roles. entitle (2010) believes that it wouldnt have been possible without Sigourney Weavers character Ellen Ripley in Alien (1979) franchises which has become an avant-garde symbol. Ellen Ripley signified the first final girl archetype, a term coined by Carol J. Clover in the book Men, Women and Chansaw Gender in the Modern Horror Film (1992), who conquered and triumphed against an evil villain without any help or rescue from a man (p.98). Knight (2010) and Clover (1992) examinations of women representation would aid in decoding the signs in Law and OrderSVU. Anthony (2009) believes that the progression in women portrayal on television and films was because women had taken over the market and were able to acquire position s as Producers and Directors. Consequently, women were portrayed in more heroic roles which cancelled out the notion of women as victims, resulting in a positive ideological advance (p. 80).Innesss (2004) Action Chicks is a groundbreaking collection of essays providing a new look at female action icons such as Xena, Buffy, Lara Croft and so on. These essays take a look at how recent depictions of women in action films, TV shows, comic books, and video games reflect a changing acceptance of women in traditionally male heroic or tough-guy roles. This highly specialized and scholarly study is suitable for my research and would enable me to view Law and Order SVU in different light. In order to analyze the representation of women in Law and Order SVU, I will construe if the women em trunk foursome essential constructing features which are body, attitude, action and authority in a tough hero (Innes, 1998). Brown (1996) has the same belief of women portrayed as action heroes stating, fem ale action heroines body is represented by using same codes as a male hero in regards to object and subject in action films (p. 56). Goodwill (2011) agrees with Browns controversy that new female action hero possesses positive masculine characteristic which were preserved for men only, breaking away from orthodox feminine attributes. With the fusion of traits, earlier archetype of the hero has been amended in popular culture containing both masculine and feminine traits which will enable me to interpret female traits presented in Law and Order SVU.Hill (1999, p 38) states, action heroines are the new type of protagonists in action genre who are smarter and tougher than conventional female heroines and even their male counterparts. This new breed of action heroines contravenes not only cinematic but cultural gender codes of women being submissive and tangential characters and transform traditional cinematic depiction of women. Noble (1999) produces an innovative framework to creat e new epitome of heroism for women in her book The Sound of a Silver Horn Reclaiming the heroism in Contemporary Womens Lives. She puts forward certain qualities that a female hero should possess to transform her and the world such as strong-minded, valiant and a risk-taker. Harriss (2004) groundbreaking work would provide a framework for my research where she looks at intricate representation of girls in recent history. Siehlohrs (2000) anthology investigates generic codes used in gender in regards to national identity in European films. She also examines how representations of women are effected by particular national milieu. This provides a baseline to investigate influences of societal factors on representation of women in Law and Order SVU. Hanson (2007) proposes alternative ways of viewing classic and contemporary Hollywood heroines and the associations of gender with genre. She investigates representation of women as investigator and heroine in the variable context of the fil m industry which will enable me to apply the same approach to my research. She confers meticulous attention to the production of narrative, actions and perception as well as negotiation of feminine self and desires across the past.Jaceys (2010) book about The Woman in the Story Writing Memorable Female Characters would be of significant value on this topic. She states that by creating a heroine, the screenwriter has to consider all kinds of differences, from character development to gender issues in the development process. This would allow me dig deeper into the depiction of female characters on Law and Order SVU such as Olivia Bensons character as a Detective and Alexandra Cabot character as a District Attorney. According to Knight (2010), female action heroes extensively influence individuals in society and also reveal a lot about our society. Her analysis on female action here would help me understand Olivia Bensons character on Law and Order SVU as she is seen as a role model a nd a topnotch heroine to a lot of women.Furthermore, I will examine Buffy which was a very popular show with very sharp and provocative commentaries on gender. In Undead TV, media studies scholars face up the Buffy phenomenon and its many afterlives in popular culture, the television industry, the Internet, and academic criticism (Levine and Parks, 2007). Stuller (2010) illustrates the triumph of female hero in contemporary mythology which has cracked through male dominated environment and divulges into the crucial role of female crime fighters in popular culture.METHODOLOGYLitosseliti (2002) book on Gender, Identity and Discourse Analysis will provide me with the tools to employ discourse analysis to the media text for my research. I will conduct a discourse analysis on Law and Order SVU to find out why Olivia Benson is considered a positive role model. Benson has been taken up as a feminist icon by artists and bloggers because shes the type of person who triumphs over adversity, stands up against injustice, and never blinks when shes staring down a bad guy. Furthermore, it will aid me in examining other female characters re-presented as victims and criminals. Research has shown that violence against women is a serious public health and human rights concern (World Health Organization 2000) and that the concurrent presentation of women as sex objects and victims in various forms of media increases acceptance of violence against women (Malamuth, 1996). As television has the widest audience of any medium (Gunter Wober, 1992), it is of uttermost importance to have an improved representation of women on television.I will draw primarily upon the discourse analysis of Law and Order SVU to examine the meanings behind the representations of women as victims to more positive and hopeful depictions. Marion (2008) argues that the contemporary portrayals of women within popular culture are shaped by two major trends the mainstreaming of pornography and its resultant hy persexualization of women and girls, and the commodification of those images for a global market. Wood (2000) book will provide both the practical locomote for doing discourse analysis and the theoretical justifications for those steps. This book shows students how the social world revolves around talk and text. This book will aid in my research a great deal as it presents actual examples, covers data collection methods and strategies for data analysis, and addresses issues of reliability and validity.Tolsons (2006) book Media Talk Spoken Discourse on TV and Radio investigates distinctive forms of mediated speech on TV and radio through discourse analysis. Media Talk is the first book to provide a comprehensive review of this pregnant work. Lorenzo-Duss (2008) Television Discourse examines the specific forms and structures of talk across media genres. This book will provide me an in-depth knowledge of the discourse analysis on TV as it examines four defining characteristics of th e current broadcast landscape Storytelling, Closeness, Conflict and Persuasion. This would allow me to analyse the characters on Law and Order SVU and find out if they are portrayed positively or negatively. Even though the women on LO SVU are tough and strong, there are still some problematic issues in their representation. They are re-presented as victims or offenders in a lot of episodes. For example, Detective Olivia Benson is frequently victimized throughout the show, including her being stalked in Seasons 1 and 3, and more recently she is sexually assaulted dapple undercover in a prison. Furthermore, there were several suggestions in episodes on how the female detective pays a lot of attention to her appearance. An in-depth research would allow a more precise and comprehensive investigation on the topic.References You may optionally use Bibliography or Works CitedCavender, Gray , 1999. The Construction Of Gender In realism Crime Tv. Journal Of Broadcasting Electronic Media , Volume 13, Issue 5, 643-663.Dobash, R. E., Dobash, R. (1998). Rethinking Violence Against Women. Thousand Oaks, Calif, Sage Publications.Dominick, Joseph R. , 2004. The Portrayal Of Women In Prime Time, 1953-1977. Sex Roles, Volume 5, hail 4, 405-411.DAcci, Julie, 1994. Defining Women Television and the Case of Cagney and Lacey. Edition. University of North Carolina Press.DAcci, Julie, Brunsdon, Charlotte and Spigel, Lynn , 2007. Feminist Television Criticism A Reader. Edition. Open University Press.Douglas M. Snauffer, 2006. Crime Television (The Praeger Television Collection). Edition. Praeger.Elasmar, Michael, Hasegawa, Kazumi and Brain, Mary. 2009. The portrayal of women in U.S. prime time television. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media , Volume 43, Issue 1Gill, Rosalind Clair, 2007. Gender and the Media. 1 Edition. Polity.Gunter, Barrie And Wober, Mallory 1992. The Reactive Viewer Review Of Research On auditory modality Reaction Measurement (Independent Television Co mmission Research Monograph.). Edition. University Of Luton Press.Humphries, Drew. 2009. Women, Violence, and the Media Readings in Feminist Criminology (Northeastern Series on Gender, Crime, and Law). Edition. Northeastern.Ingham, H. (2007, December 18) The Portrayal of Women on Television. ONLINE Available at http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/hzi9401.html. Accessed 18 March 2012.Inness, Sherrie A. 2004. Action Chicks New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture. First Edition Edition. Palgrave Macmillan.Jacey, Helen 2010. The Woman in the Story Writing Memorable Female Characters. Edition. Michael Wiese Productions.Knight, Gladys L. 2010. Female Action Heroes A Guide to Women in Comics, Video Games, Film, and Television. Edition. GreenwoodLevine, Elana and Parks, Lisa. 2007. Undead TV Essays on Buffy the Vampire Slayer. 1st Edition. Duke University PressLorenzo-Dus, Nuria. 2008. Television Discourse Analysing Language in the Media. 1 Edition. Palgrave Macmillan.Litosseliti, Lia 2002. Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society, and Culture, 2). Edition. John Benjamins Pub Co.Magoulick, Mary, 2006. Frustrating Female Heroism Mixed Messages In Xena, Nikita, And Buffy. The Journal Of Popular Culture, Vol. 39, No. 5, 734.Malamuth, N. (1996). sexually Explicit Media, Gender Differences And Evolutionary Theory. Journal Of Communication, 46 (3), 8-31.Meyers, Marian 2008. Women In Popular Culture Representation And Meaning (Political Communication). Edition. Hampton Pr.Tolson, Andrew. 2006. Media Talk Spoken Discourse on TV and Radio. Edition. Edinburgh University Press.Wood, Linda A. 2000. Doing Discourse Analysis Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text. 1 Edition. Sage Publications, IncBritto, Sarah, 2007. Does Special Mean Young, White and Female? Deconstructing the Meaning of Special in Law Order Special Victims Unit. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 14 (1), 40.Val Singh, Susan Vinnicombe, Kim James, (2006) Constructing a professional identity how young female managers use role models, Women In Management Review, Vol. 21 Iss 1, pp.67 81Brunsdon, Charlotte and Spigel, Lynn 2007. Feminist Television Criticism. 2 Edition. Open University Press.Green, Susan 2009. Law Order Special Victims Unit The Unofficial Companion. Edition. BenBella Books. Pp. 90Emmy. 2006. Mariska Hargitay. ONLINE Available at http//www.emmys.com/celebrities/mariska-hargitay. Accessed 10 March 13.Melanie, Dr Waters, 2011. Women on Screen Feminism and Femininity in Visual Culture. Edition. Palgrave Macmillan.Janet McCabe, 2005. Feminist Film Studies Writing the Woman into celluloid (Short Cuts). Edition. Wallflower Press.Laura Mulvey, 2009. Visual and Other Pleasures (Language, Discourse, Society). 2nd Edition. Palgrave Macmillan.Barthes, Roland. S/Z An Essay. Trans. Richard Miller. New York Hill and Wang, 1974.Ramanathan, Geetha 2007. Feminist Auteurs Reading Womens Films. Edition. Wallflower Press.Mulvey, L aura, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1975),Visual And Other Pleasures. London Macmillan, 1989 14-26.Laura Mulvey, 2009. Visual and Other Pleasures (Language, Discourse, Society). 2nd Edition. Palgrave Macmillan.Lauretis, Teresa de (1984) Alice Doesnt. Feminism. Semiotics. Cinema. Bloomington Indiana University Press,Sue Turnbull, 2013. The Crime Drama (TV Genres). Edition. Edinburgh University Press.Allen, Michael 2007. Reading CSI Crime TV Under the Microscope (Reading Contemporary Television). Edition. I. B. Tauris.Reddy, Maureen (1988). Sisters In Crime Feminism and Crime Novel. New York Continumm. ppLinda Mizejewski, 2004. Hardboiled and High Heeled The Woman Detective in Popular Culture. 1St Edition Edition. Routledge.Cavender, G., Jurik, N. (2007). Scene Composition

Post-Traumatic Stress In Relation To Holden Caulfield Essay example --

Post-Traumatic Stress In Relation To Holden Caulfield IntroductionThroughout life, an case-by-case may endure emotionally and physically straining moments causing the psyche to become downhearted, and or irate. These feelings are normal, but may however become a problem when these feelings prohibit someone from living a normal life. An estimated 5.2 million American adults long times 18 to 54, or approximately 3.6 percent of people in this age group in a given year, have PTSD (Narrow, Rae, Regier). This purpose of this report is to prove whether or not Holden Caulfield, the main character of J.D. Salingerss harbour The Catcher In The Rye, is depressed. What Is A Depressive Disorder? mental picture is a serious medical illness that negatively affects how a person conducts him/herself, and the way he/she think. Depression may let in anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, manic printings. People with a depressive illness cannot me believe pull themselves together and get better. About 5% of the population will have some form of a mental illness at some point in their lives. Half of these people will besides have a substance abuse Whorpole 2problem, according to statistics from the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, or NAMI. What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?Difficult situations are a part of life, and people everywhere must cope with difficult circumstances such as conflict in out lives. See Appendix 1 (Depression). But occasionally, people experience an event, which is so unexpected that it continues to have serious affects, long after it has happened. Like depression in general these events may include a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death to themselves or others. Also learning that a close friend is in jeopardy or has died can cause this type of anxiety disorder (What Is A Depressive Disorder?). This condition is one of several known as an anxiety disorder. unity significant event in Holdens life that is a factor for his mental illness is the death of his brother Allie. When Holden found out, He was only thirteen and they were sack to have him psychoanalyzed and all, the night Allie died, and he broke all the windows with his fist, just for the hell of it (Salinger 39). Holdens brother died of leukemia and at the time he did not know how to properly contend with the situatio... ...work hard on it, because as of now, he is always talking about Allie as if he was still alive. There has also been a good submit of research on the use of medications for adults with PTSD, including research on the formation of emotionally charged memories and medications that may help block the development of symptoms (Gold, McCarty 151-62). Medications appear to be helpful in reducing overwhelming symptoms of arousal (such as sleep disturbances and an exaggerated startle reflex), intrusive thoughts, and avoidance reducing accompanying conditions such as depression and panic and improving impulse con trol and related behavioral problems. The incomparable solution for Holden would be a combination of the two, psychotherapy and medication. One should not rely on just medication, because then the risk of addiction increases. If medication and psychotherapy and being used, the person will become more able to cope with the situations that the person may face, on their own. ConclusionThe report was to prove that Holden Caulfield of J.D. Salingerss book The Catcher In The Rye, is depressed. POINTS TO SUMMARISE REPORT-------CONCLUDING STATEMENT

Colonization of Egypt :: Colonialism Imperialism

Colonization of EgyptWhat is a good hoidenish? Is a good country a country with a cheerful population? Is a good country a country which controls more land than the next? Is a good country a country whose establishment and economic system has absolutely no problems? Or is a good country a country that has a delicate poise of benefits and problems. Well, we are here today to discuss the corruption of Egypt, a good country, by Britain, a huge and powerful country. Although Britain was not the first, Britain has retained control of Egypt for around 40 years and I am here today to ask for the freedom and decolonization of Egypt from Britain.This problem all started in 1882 when the British forced nap Bonaparte, the leader of the French Army, out of Africa. Instead of leaving the land of Egypt to its rightful owners, the Egyptians, Britain determined to colonize Egypt and control them through a protectorate. The protectorate allowed the British presidency to control Egypts economic and political decisions without intervention from the Egyptians. In other words, The Egyptians had completely lost control of their own country. Well, some of you might ask, Why would Britain want to salvage Egypt? The response to this is more simple than you might think. Was it the fact that Egypt was such a weak country at the time? Or was it that Egypt was just waiting to be colonized? No, it was greed, pure British greed, that caused the corruption of Egypts balanced culture.The economic situation of Egypt before its colonization was quite good. The working and owning class maintained the industrial font while the upper class maintained the government and political prospect. Through the colonization of Egypt, Britain gained control of the Suez Canal, a major part of the world trade routes. With this advantage, Britain decided to heavily tax the ships which passed through. This brought mass amounts of money of which the Egyptians never saw. Instead of going to maintain Egypt or even the Suez Canal itself, the money went straight to the British government as profit. Finally, the news that Britain had colonized Egypt and was using it as a profitable business reached the public. Immediately, the Egyptians began to leave the country. The British had to act quickly, for they knew that without the Egyptians to maintain the land and canal, the profit would be lost.