The Case Of Hewlett Packard s Autonomy Deal - 1358 Words

Define the following terms Leveraged Buyouts also known as LBO can be defined as the acquisition of a company, however the buyer only puts up small amount of the money that is being used to acquire the company while most of the money that is used is borrowed. Downscoping can be defined as when a company reduces sections of the business inside of the company in order to better manage and focus on its core business. Functional structure is when employees of a company are separated into groups based on specialty. Related diversification can be defined as when a business decides to expand their product offerings by offering new products that are similar to those it currently offers. The mysterious case of Hewlett-Packard’s Autonomy deal Before reading the article â€Å"The mysterious case of Hewlett-Packard’s Autonomy deal† I always believed that business takeovers worked and helped companies grow. I was always under the impression that a company will buy another company and just keep growing and they will never buy a company in which they did not think they can make money from. After reading this article and reading a few more articles that I found, my opinion has changed. I believe that HP paid a high price for Autonomy because they believed that the UK software company was going to help them grow as a business. What they didn’t know was the fact that the numbers the company gave HP had accounting improprieties and disclosure failures. With the numbers that HP received theyShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation2881 Words   |  12 Pagesgoods are to be of the right price in order to give the organisation an advantage over its competitors( competitive advantag e) allowing it to generate greater sales and retain more customers than its competition. We will be looking at HEWLETT-PACKARD. Hewlett-Packard emphasis has gone beyond just reacting to the needs of users as and when they arise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurementRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3034 Words   |  13 Pagesgoods are to be of the right price in order to give the organisation an advantage over its competitors( competitive advantage) allowing it to generate greater sales and retain more customers than its competition. We will be looking at HEWLETT-PACKARD. Hewlett-Packard emphasis has gone beyond just reacting to the needs of users as and when they arise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. Procurement in the past was not seenRead MoreBenefits Of A Proactive Strategic Procurement Operation3331 Words   |  14 Pagesgoods are to be of the right price in order to give the organisation an advantage over its competitors( competitive advantage) allowing it to generate greater sales and retain more customers than its competition. We will be looking at HEWLETT-PACKARD. Hewlett-Packard emphasis has gone beyond just reacting to the needs of users as and when they arise, to a forward looking proactive approach. This reflects the contribution that the management makes. ?A proactive strategic procurementRead MoreOrganizational Behavior report on HP4554 Words   |  19 PagesHewlett Packard: Changing of the Guards Hewlett Packard: Changing of the Guards EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HP has proven to be a successful company but the recent recession, strong competitors, and expectations of stakeholders for improvement has initiated some problems within the company. This report examines some leadership issues at HP and proposes solutions for them. An organization’s leadership plays an important role in defining the ethical values, innovation standards and its cultureRead MoreHps Knowledge Management System3969 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .2 HP’s Products and Services †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 HP 90’s Working Environment and Knowledge Flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2– 3 Top Management Realization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 -4 -5 HP mid-90’s Knowledge Management Initiatives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Strength and Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5– 6 . Mid-90’s KM Initiative Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Read MoreHp Transformation Leadership21564 Words   |  87 Pages.................. | 131316 | 4. HP SIGNIFICANT TRANSFORMATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4.1 HP Before The Transformation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4.1.1 Lewis Platt †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4.1.2 HP s Carly Fiorina: The CEO of HP †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4.1.3 HP s Carly Fiorina: The Transformation leader †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4.2 Hp Transformation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4.2.1 Transformation Under Fiorina †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................4.2.2 The Company StrugglesRead MoreHow Organizations Can Move Beyond The First Steps Of Corporate Change Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pages ABSTRACT Change is best carried through by the many, not by just the hero-leader. Ten challenges to the initiation and sustaining of change are elaborated, illustrated by a rich range of case studies and supported by a practical checklist. We all know that change and innovation are of the essence for organisations today and in future. The bad news, according to Peter Senge, is that most change initiatives fail. The good news is that Senge and his co-authors think they know why and whatRead MoreEssay on Gender Inequality at the Workplace2294 Words   |  10 Pagesthe consumer era. Today, it is neither the industry nor the government sector that drives the economy. The expenditure and savings of the household sector have become the driving force of the urban industrial economy. The growing economic power and autonomy of the woman is giving her greater power in the boardrooms also. This is because she is the consumer and understands both the needs of the household as well as another woman better than men do. Men have controlled the corporate world till date butRead MoreDisney and Pixar5349 Words   |  22 Pagesshows that the odds of making an acquisition work are not high. Should companies just forget about Mamp;A, and focus exclusively on innovation and organic growth? Maybe not, at least in some cases. Careful thinking about what it means for an acquisition to succeed, coupled with an analysis of why deals fail, can lead to some practical advice for managers, thus helping them to develop a more refined view. More specifically, in order for acquisitions to pay off, they ought to pass four tests. IRead MorePutting the Enterprise Into the Enterprise System6657 Words   |  27 Pageshave been beating paths to the doors of enterprise-system developers. The sales of the largest 121 ARTWORK BY CURTà S PARKER ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS vendor, Germany s SAP, have soared from less than $500 million in 1992 to approximately $3.3 billion in 1997, making it the fastest-growing software company in the world. SAP s competitors, including such companies as Baan, Oracle, and PeopleSoft, have also seen rapid growth in demand for their packages. It is estimated that businesses around the

High School Football Is Popular - 1461 Words

High school football began in the late nineteenth century along side many college football teams. Practices became apparent with multiple pep rallies, cross-town and county rivals, mascots, marching bands, and homecomings. High school football is considered to be the first tier of football, prior to collegiate and professional play if a player is good enough. Over the years, high school football has gained coverage by broadcast media and games can be featured on regional channels. Overall, high school football is very prominent in many cities and towns across the United States, but it is especially affluential in areas of the United States such as the state of Texas. In areas where high school football is popular, not only do the high school students, players, and parents join in the hype of Friday nights, but the entire town and community revolves around Friday night. The state of Texas specifically, is known nationally as a very dominant football state. According to an article fro m Elite Daily, over 165,000 Texan teens, in over 1,000 schools, participated in high school football. With that being said, this research will discuss and touch upon the lessons and ideas one can learn about competition, culture and community from high school football and the areas such as Texas. It will examine the history of Texas football culture and the concept created entitled â€Å"Friday Night Lights†. Following that discussion, a cultural comparison will be featured between high schoolShow MoreRelatedAmerica Football1535 Words   |  7 PagesFootball: at the turn of century Without question, football is the most popular sport in America. Football is also a sport that is enjoyed all over the world by people of all ages. Football is also an activity that the family can all enjoy as in example dad can play with his son on a Sunday team. Mom and sister can watch, or the whole family can go out on Saturday to watch college football or on Sunday for the Football Or Soccer Football or Soccer Many people argue about soccer and football. FootballRead MoreImportant Sports in the Society of The United States Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagesare most popular in the United States ; American football, Basketball, Baseball, and Ice Hockey. They are all enjoyed by not only americans, but also people in all around the world. Especially sports are associated with education in the United States. Most high schools and universities organized sports. College sports competitions play an important role in the American sporting culture. Moreover, in many cases college athletics are more popular than professional sport. American football AmericanRead MoreFootball And Its Effect On Society1122 Words   |  5 Pages Football remains the most popular sport in America and the ninth most popular sport in the world for a reason. Since its creation in 1869, football has played a fundamental part of American society. Every Sunday, my family along with millions of other Americans turn the television to CBS, NBC or FOX to watch their favorite football team go to battle. My family and I bleed burgundy and gold and root for the home team the Washington Redskins. Americans including myself display great intensity andRead More One Race in Sports Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagessports with gender, for example only men play football and baseball, where women play softball and do gymnastics. Socially it is not accepted for people to break these set boundaries. When individuals attempt to fight the system, there are many social costs, for example being deemed gay in the most derogatory sense. However, benefits do arise in the long ru n, as colleges appreciate students who are willing to challenge societies prejudices. High school is a very transitory period for most teenagersRead MoreConcussions And Its Effect On Children1309 Words   |  6 PagesConcussions: According to the department of Orthopedic Surgery, at Wayne State University, â€Å"Youth football programs across the United States represent an at-risk population of approximately 3.5 million athletes for sports related concussions† (Buzas 1). Despite these risks, it is easy for some parents get involved in the game and overlook the danger that their children are in. There are parents who do not realize the severity of effects a concussion can have, as there are parents who do not knowRead MoreDifferences Between Sports And Baseball729 Words   |  3 PagesFootball Versus Baseball Multiple sports have concepts in common, but not identical principles. All sports require hard work and dedication, but not all sports require a ball. Another big difference in sports is the regulation changes from the professional leagues to high school leagues. 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From a spectator standpoint, looking for that â€Å"big hit† is something that we all look forward to. From a players’ standpoint however, it could be that same hit that can cause depression, brain damage, or even something far worse than that: death. A single blow to the head can be detrimental for a football player, regardless of age, playing ability, or skill level. Concussions are not something that should be takenRead MoreWhy Football Is The Greatest Sport1048 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Football is the Greatest Sport in America Every country has a sport that they find most interesting. Due to the nationwide involvement, this sport will result in a great amount of revenue, and a common form of entertainment. In America, it is evident that this sport is football. No other sport pulls in the same amount of revenue, media and nationwide attention than football does. It is popular in all age groups, and is the staple of sporting events to attend while students are in high schoolRead MoreFriday Night Lights, By H. G1134 Words   |  5 Pagesfans at some NBA games. Football is more than a game to the people of this town. It s a way of life, it s serves as a way out for many in the town, and it helps forget the horrible economic struggles the town faces. Football for this town created a false atmosphere, and became an addiction to this town. Football becoming an addiction has positives and many negatives. Friday Night Lights, by H. G. Bissinger, tells the story of the small town of Odessa, Texas, and how football has become an addiction

Comparing between the working class and the middle class Free Essays

string(30) " the furniture of each house\." In this section I will be comparing between the working class and the middle class. I will also be looking into the comparisons within the classes. Finally I will be showing evidence that the gap is closing between the classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing between the working class and the middle class or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following will also explain the vast differences between the home of Mr Jones the dentist, which is top of the middle class, and the Widow, which is the bottom of the working class. Mr Jones lives in 4 Ravensworth Terrace and the Widow lives in 4 Francis Street Mr Jones’s house was situated opposite to the park and near to the town. This was useful for work, because he owned 2 houses. One of them was his living house and the other was his dentistry house. On the other side of the museum there was the colliery village. There was a row of pit cottages here. In number 4 lived the Widow with her 2 children. The house was near the pit; this meant that the air was dusty, smoky and murky. This was also a noisy place to live, all because of one thing, the pit. The pit owned the pit cottages; these were for the families of the pit workers. They were also given free coal for working in the mine. This is a big difference to Mr Jones. He owned both of his houses. This shows that Mr Jones had a beautiful surrounding to his house and that the widow was worse off. Mr Jones lived in a house with a ground floor, first floor and an attic. On the ground floor is where Mr Jones’s kitchen, living room and utility room were. On the first floor there was a master bedroom, the bathroom and a nursery. In the attic lived the maid. This is because the Jones’s were more important. Outside they had a privy that only the maid used and a coal shed. This is compared to the widow’s bungalow, which had a kitchen, living room/bedroom and an attic. In the widow’s house there were several uses for the rooms. The front room was used for sleeping and entertaining visitors. This would only be used on special occasions like Christmas or weddings. The kitchen was used for cooking, cleaning, sleeping, bathing and drying clothes. The loft was one room, which was where the children slept. Mr Jones’s house is totally different. His kitchen was used purely for cooking and cleaning, the bathroom for sanitation etc. So where as the widow’s house was compact Mr Jones’s house was spacious. The gardens for Francis Street were large. This is because they needed to grow fruit and vegetables, because they could not afford to buy fresh produce. On the other hand Mr Jones had a small garden because he could afford to buy fresh fruit and vegetables each day. In his garden he was able to grow flowers and shrubs. The sanitation of the houses was different. The widow’s toilet was an ash pit privy outside. For toilet paper they used newspaper cut into squares. Mr Jones’s was very different. He had a plumbed in bathroom with shower, bath, sink and flushing toilet. They also had an outside privy, which was purely used by the maid. The plumbed in bathroom was for family only. This is compared to the widow who had a tin bath hanging on the wall outside and had a cold-water tap in the utility room. Mr Jones was totally different because he had hot and cold taps inside and a plumbed in bath too. In the widow’s house there was only candle light, she also had a fire lit 24 hours a day, six days a week, 365 days a year. The reason for the fire not being on for 7 days a week was so that the family could clean it. This provided heat to cook on and boiled water. It also lights up the kitchen and also heats the house up. Mr Jones on the other hand had electric lighting in every room with electric heaters. He only had one need for an open fire because he needed it for appearances and heating. He also had a cooker fire, which was used for cooking. This shows the vast differences between the top of the middle class and the bottom of the working class. I am comparing 2 and 4 Francis Street. In number 2 lived The Methodist family, and in number 4 lived the Widow. I will explore the main differences between each. The families were both working class and lived in pit cottages. There were a lot of differences between them. Firstly I will be explaining the bedding, which each family had. In both houses they had 3 beds. One in the front room, one in the attic and one in the kitchen. In the widows house 1 child would sleep in the kitchen, the other child would sleep in the loft and the widow would sleep in the double bed in the front room. This was the same for the Methodist Family, except that the Mum and Dad would have slept in the front room. In the widows house she had thin sheets in the kitchen, because of the heat from the fire. The bed in the loft would have thin sheets too; this is because they had an open chimney. The bed in the front room would have a homemade quilt and she had hooky mats for extra warmth. This is compared to the Methodist’s, their beds in the kitchen and loft would be the same, but the bed in the front room would have a thick white duvet. This showed wealth, because after the miners came home from work they would be covered in coal dust, so their covers will get dirty more often. Now I will extract the differences between the furniture of each house. You read "Comparing between the working class and the middle class" in category "Papers" The widow had a brass double bed; this was the cheapest at the time, a sofa, and a table; with floor mats as a tablecloth. This shows that the widow didn’t have enough money to buy new objects. This is compared to the Methodist’s. I will start with their half-tester bed; this was a bed, which had 2 posts with cloth draped over the top. They had a chest with a showcase with pottery and books on show, also a couple of tables with tablecloths, a rocking chair and a fireplace. This shows that they have more money to spend on luxuries. There is a huge difference in the furniture. Now I will look into the different floors in each house. In the widow’s house she had stone floors with a lot of hooky mats. These were all different because the family did not have enough money to afford carpets. Now I will look at the Methodist family. They had fitted carpets and carpets up the stairs. This shows the family is well off because they could afford the carpets to be fitted. Now I will evaluate the differences in lighting in each house. The widow has oil lamps; the only problem was that she could not afford to use them. Instead they had to use candles. They could not afford oil because they barely had enough money to get by. This is compared with the Methodist family. They too had oil lamps; they used their oil lamps regularly. This shows they had money to spend. Looking at the income of each household, the widow had to work for extra income just to get by together with the low income from her two mining sons. She made her extra income by making and selling hooky and proggy mats, organising a quilting club in her home where other working class women sat around the fire and made quilts for a small charge. She also took in washing from other people, which added to her income. This compared to the Methodist family who had adequate money from the husband and children who worked down the pit. They needed no extra income to add to their wages. All the information above shows that even though the Methodist family and the widow are in the same social class their lives are totally different. In the next section I will be explaining how different Mr Jones’s houses were to Miss Smith’s house. Even though they are both in the same class their homes were very different. Mr Jones lives at 4 Ravensworth Terrace and a couple of doors down lived Miss Smith at No 2. First I will be explaining where each houses money came from. Miss Smith’s money came from her music teaching. She charged 6d per half hour. This is 2 1/2 pence in today’s currency. Whereas the dentist, Mr Jones, charged 15 shillings for a filling; à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 7s 6d for a false tooth; and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 10s (10 guinea) for a full set of false teeth. This shows the huge difference in one days work. The difference between both heating and cooking in each household are that in Mr Jones’s house he had a gas cooker and a fire range. For heating he had electric heaters around the home. This is being compared to Miss Smith’s home where she had an open fire in the front room and her bedroom. This would only be lit if she were ill in bed. Her maid cooked on a coal fire range in the kitchen. The lighting in each house varied because Mr Jones had electric lighting in each room throughout each of his houses. This shows that he was wealthy because he could afford to have this installed. This is compared to Miss Smith who only used oil lamps through her house. The sanitation which each house had was different because Mr Jones had a fully plumbed in bath, flushing toilet and shower in the bathroom as well hot and cold water taps. He also had an outside toilet, which only the maid used. This is a vast difference to Miss Smith. She had an outside toilet and a tin bath hanging from the outside wall. They brought this in front of the fire range. For the morning wash the maid would fetch a hot bowel of water to each bedroom. Mr Jones had several stained glass windows, a gramophone and a nursery for the children. This is compared with Miss Smith’s luxuries, which were 7-1/2 octaves piano, carpets fitted up the stairs, biblical plaque readings and a stained glass window. The next comparison area is the servants in each house. Miss Smith had a level maid. This means that the maid lived on the same floor was her. Miss Smith’s maid used the same washing and sanitation as herself. This is compared to the maid of Mr Jones. He had a maid, which slept in the attic and could not wash or use his plumbed in bathroom. She had to use a tin bath and the outside toilet. Even though they were in the same social category there were a lot of differences between them. I have explained earlier the vast differences between the top of the middle class (Mr Jones) and the bottom of the working class (the widow). Also I have explained the differences between the two working class houses and the homes of the two middle class houses. I will be looking in more depth between the middle class home of Miss Smith and the working class home of the Methodist family and finding similarities. For example both houses were of Victorian dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor. This was dark colours, dark fabrics for curtains and drapes and bold wallpaper. This was unusual because in 1913 the most common dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor was Georgian. In each of the houses there was a coal fire, this was the heat source for both. This was also used as the method of cooking. They both had fitted carpets up the stairs and around the house. Their ornaments and pictures were also very similar. Each house had two matching china dogs and several portraits of the Royal Family of the time. The lighting for each house was oil lamps. Unlike the widow both families could afford to use it, but they could not afford electricity. The similarities of sanitation were that each house would have a tin bath, cold tap and an outside toilet. From the information I have gathered and presented I have found a hierarchy of families. They are: * Mr Jones the dentist * Miss Smith the music teacher * Methodist family * The Widow Miss Smith could not live like Mr Jones because she had something called â€Å"old money†. This is money, which she inherited when her parents passed away, whilst Mr Jones had â€Å"new money†. This is money, which he had earned. Mr Jones had a constant supply of money from work whereas Miss Smith’s money would eventually decrease. The widow could not afford to live in the same condition as the Methodist family because she only had her sons bringing in wages from the pit. If her husband were still alive she would be able to live more like the Methodist family. So, I think that the gaps between the classes were closing at this period of time. This is because their houses were very similar. Their style of decoration, heat, light etc was of the same standards. How to cite Comparing between the working class and the middle class, Papers

Insecticidal Property of Acacia (Samanea Saman Merill) Seeds and Bark Against Termites Essay Sample free essay sample

The research workers would wish to happen out if the Acacia seeds and bark decoction is an effectual option to the commercial pesticides in killing white ants. The usage of Acacia seeds and bark as insect powder has killed several figure of white ants which destroy the foundations of constitutions particularly wooden houses and others. Using acacia seeds and bark infusion. it can assist households to decrease their responsibilities on acquiring off white ants clip after clip. Gather all the stuffs that are needed in the survey. First. the tripod should be placed above the Bunsen burner and there should be wire gauze on top of the tripod. Heat will be added to the beaker by puting it on the tripod and light the burner until the seed reaches its boiling point. pour the solution in a sprayer with the usage of funnel that comes with a filter paper. IntroductionI. Statement of the ProblemThis research will seek to happen out whether Alkaloid which is the substance nowadays in the bark and seeds of Acacia has the capacity of killing little insects like white ants. We will write a custom essay sample on Insecticidal Property of Acacia (Samanea Saman Merill) Seeds and Bark Against Termites Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And it besides tries to happen out if there is an consequence to the being where Acacia seeds and bark infusion applied to. Specifically tries to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Be at that place any important consequence of acacia seeds and bark infusion insect powder to white ants? 2. Be at that place any important difference of acacia seeds and bark infusion insect powder to the commercial insect powders? II. Statement of HypothesisNull Hypothesis:Ho1:There is no important consequence of acacia seeds and bark infusion insect powder to white ants. Ho2:There is no important difference of acacia seeds and bark infusion insect powder to the commercial insect powders. III. Significance of the StudyThe usage of Acacia ( Samanea saman merill ) seeds and bark as insect powder has killed several figure of white ants which destroys the foundations of constitutions particularly wooden houses and others. Using Acacia seeds and bark infusion. it can assist households to decrease their responsibilities of acquiring off white ants clip after clip. They will non pass money for this insect powder because it is found anyplace in the environment. Acacia ( Samanea saman merill ) which is one of the abundant trees in our state with several species has different parts which can be used. Some of theseare the bark and seeds. The barks. which have no usage. can be another beginning of insect powder. It contains the substance Alkaloid every bit long as the seeds. This survey is a large aid for place proprietors who want to hold houses which are free from white ants. The research workers admits that merely few now a yearss have houses made of wood because some people a re now populating in subdivisions where all the houses aren’t made of wood and some are populating in edifices. But still. there are 1s who live in wooden houses like those who settled in the state. IV. Scope and LimitationThis survey is limited merely on finding the consequence of Acacia ( Samanea saman merill Merill ) seeds and bark infusion as insect powder on white ants. This survey is merely an experiment. The research workers do non assure to hold asuccessful undertaking. They are non stating that their undertaking will hold a good consequence. They isonly limited to utilize acacia seed and demand to forbear from utilizing other parts of the works. There is a restriction in the usage of stuffs and clip direction. V. Definition of Footings Insecticide- A chemical substance used to kill insects.Acacia-Any of assorted frequently spinous trees or bushs of the genus Acacia in the pea household. holding surrogate. compound leaves or foliages represented by planate petioles and caputs or spikes of little flowers. Termites-Any of legion pale-hued. normally soft-bodied societal insects of the order Isopteran that live largely in warm parts and many species of which provender on wood. frequently destructing trees and wooden constructions. At is besides called white emmet. Review of Related Literature Acacia is a genus of many trees and bushs that belong to the household of Leguminosae. The workss of these genus show features like cod bearing with sap and leaves typically bearing big sum of tannic acids. and have irritants. The word acacia is derived from the word akakia. which is the name given by a Grecian phytologist. The name is derived from the Grecian word akis means thorn. Acacias are besides known by many other names ; thorn trees. lappets. yellow febrility acacia. whistling irritants and umbrella acacias. Here. are assorted acacia tree facts sing its beginning. types and its utilizations. There are many types of acacia trees. These trees belong to the great household of Leguminosae. the pea and bean folk. Some of the true acacia trees have irritants. but are hollowed out by the folks of emmets which protect the bush from herbivorous animate beings. The African acacia has adapted in such a manner that it prevent animate beings from eating its foliages. The acacia tree versions show that the tree has long and crisp irritants. and a symbiotic relationship with biting emmets. These emmets live inside the acacia irritants which they have hollowed out. and provender on the nectar produced by the tree. If an animate being takes a spot of the foliages. it will besides acquire angry biting emmets with it. This tree besides have dome form because of camelopard croping on top of the tree. Acacia has been valued as lumber trees in USA. in Virginia and New England. that was used for doing ship building because the wood from this tree is difficult. strong. lasting and inelastic. It was besides used for fuel. and even cultivated for its green eatage for cowss. Today the tree is used in ship building. for agricultural intents. for doing furniture and plaything. This wood is heavier. harder. tougher and more stiff than English Oak wood. Good qualities of this lumber are well-known in America as the ruddy locust. Reticulitermes Flavipes. normally known as white ants are insects which are largely hated by people. Because of the desire to acquire rid of these insects. insect powders are being designed. Insecticides are merchandises to kill insects and to acquire rid of them. But there is a possibility that the chemicals which compose that certain insect powder can harm other populating beings such as human. And there is a said feature of Acacia. common name for Acacia confuse that it has an insecticidal stuff which can assist people off from white ants. The research workers conduct a survey about the capableness of Acacia as an insecticidedesigned to kill white ants. This survey will concentrate on the use of its seed in doing aninsecticide to turn out that there is an consequence on the white ants. This consequence may be positive or negative. They came up with this survey while looking for an investigatory undertaking. An articlecaught their attending and with this. the research workers decided to do up farther probes about the acacia insect powder. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. buzzle. com/articles/acacia-tree-facts. hypertext markup language ) Conventional Diagram Dependent Variable Independent Variable Termite Killer Acacia Seeds and bark Extraneous VariableType of works usedTemperature Figure 1 The diagram shown above shows the Termite Killer as the Dependent Variable. Acacia seeds and bark as the Independent Variable. and the Type of Plant used and temperature as the immaterial variables used in this survey. MethodologyI. MaterialsIn this research. the research workers should necessitate to make an insect powder through the procedure of decantation and it will necessitate 15 acacia seeds and 3 acacia barks. Those seeds will be placed in a 250mL beaker with 100mL H2O. Thebeaker will so be paced above the tripod which is the testing of the insect powder ; they need a container with at least 10 white ants that is covered withscreen. They foremost need to run out the seeds. acquire the infusion with the usage of funneland so reassign the infusion to a sprayer. II. ProcedureFirst. the tripod should be placed above the Bunsen burner and there should be wire gauze on top of the tripod. The research worker will so set 100mL of H2O into the 250ml beaker and follow it with theseeds. Heat will be added to the beaker by puting it on the tripod and light theburner until the seed reaches its boiling point. Let it chill for a piece andthen pour the solution in a sprayer with the usage of funnel that comes with a filter paper. After that. the insect powder is now ready to be tested and be sprayed on the white ants. The research worker will now enter the observations. III. FlowchartIV. Fix the white ants inside a container and to be sprayed with the acacia bark and seeds extract After the decoction is cool. pour it inside a spray bottle and it is ready for observation Let the decoction cool for a piece Wait for the H2O with seeds and bark to make its boiling point Light the Bunsen burner and heat the beaker with medium sum of fire Put the acacia seeds and pieces of acacia bark into the beaker with 100mL of H2O Put 100ml of H2O into the 250mL beaker Topographic point the tripod with wire gauze over the Bunsen burner Topographic point the wire gauze above the tripod Fix the stuffs for decoction

Osmolarity Concentration and Sucrose Solutions Essay Example

Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions Paper Estimating Similarity by Change in Weight By: Sounds Kali 27 February 2012 TA- Ashley Hint Biology AAA-section 002 Abstract: My group and I conducted the experiment that estimates similarity by change in weight of potato tubers, this was conducted in order to explore the process of diffusion and osmosis and more importantly to investigate the question of Does different concentrations of sucrose solutions have an effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? In this experiment we estimated the similarity of potato tuber cores by submersing different potato cores into sucrose solutions of 0. 0-0. M, and weighing the potato. The results showed the weight of the potato tubers had the highest percent change in weight meaning that they weighed more than the initial weight in sucrose solutions from 0. 0-0. MM; it also showed that sucrose concentrations from 0. 4-0. MM the weight of the potato tubers decreased. My group and concluded that the similarity Of the potato was about 0. MM since the weight of the potato decreased by about -1. 3%. Which was the closest value to the initial weight Of the potato tuber. We also found that the potato was hypersonic to sucrose solutions of 0. 0-0. MM and hypotonic to 0. MM. Introduction: Diffusion and osmosis are two types of passive transport. Diffusion is a random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. According to the book Biological Sciences, Osmosis is a type of diffusion that occurs when solutions are separated by a membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not to Others, that is, a selectively permeable membrane (Scott 2011). To further explore the process of diffusion and osmosis, we conducted an experiment that would demonstrate these processes and also investigate the question of do different concentrations of sucrose solutions have n effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? In my groups experiment our goal was to estimate the similarity of potato tubers from weight change. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmolarity: Concentration and Sucrose Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The hypothesis for this experiment was, Miff the concentration of the sucrose solutions in which the potato cylinders are in is changed, then hypothesize that the final weight of the potato will also change. And the prediction that my group and I formed was ;TFH the weight if the potato tuber changes when submerged in different sucrose concentrations, then I predict the weight change will decrease as the sucrose concentration increases. In my groups experiment, several toot tubers were tested in different sucrose solutions ranging trot 0. 0-0. 6 M. The potato tubers were then submerged into all the solutions to test similarity and to see what would happen to its mass if they were in different sucrose solutions. To fully understand the purpose and understand the results obtained there were three major concepts important to know, they are hypersonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. According to the journal The American Biology Teacher, An isotonic solution is when the solute concentration inside a system is equality to the solute concentration outside of a system, thus resulting in no net change of diffusion. In a hypersonic solution, the solute concentration outside of a system is larger than the solute concentration Within a System, so water diffuses out of the system to attempt to even out the ratio disparity; this results in the system shrinking in mass (Marvel, Keeper 2009). In a hypotonic solution however, the solute concentration is greater within the system than outside Of the system, so water diffuses into the system; this results in the system being bloated. Materials and Methods: The materials that my group and I used in our experiment was 1 large potato, a cork borer this is necessary to obtain seven potato tuber cylinders. Forceps were needed and a balance that weighs to the nearest 0. Egg, a Petri dish, razor blade, paper towels, ruler, calculator, and also necessary for the experiment to work was sucrose solutions from 0. 1-0. 6 molar. Denizen water was used to represent 0. 0 molar in our experiment and seven ml plastic cups. First, my group and I obtained ml of denizen water and ml of each of the sucrose solutions and put each solution in separate and labeled ml paper cups. Then by using a cork borer we obtained seven cylinders tort the potato by pushing the borer through the length of the potato and removing the potato room the borer. Making sure none of the cylinders were damaged, we modified the length of each cylinder to SMS and repeated this step seven times until we had a total of seven undamaged cylinders of equal length with the peels removed from each length using a razor blade. We then placed all seven cylinders into a Petri dish and kept them covered to prevent from drying out. Before weighing each of the cylinders we placed each one between folds of a napkin to blot out the sides and ends and then weighed them individually to the nearest hundredths of a gram on the balance. After doing this step we recorded he results in our table. After weighing the potato cylinders we immediately placed each in different molar solutions starting With 0. MM through 0. MM. After the cylinders were submersed in the cups eve recorded the time witch was 3:20 PRNG_ We then took the cylinders out Of their solutions at 4:pm and calculated the incubation time to be lour 10 minutes. The instructions said to leave for I . 5 hours to 2 hours but due to time constraints we took them out a little earlier. After removing the cylinders from each sample we blotted each with a paper towel to remove excess solution only. After doing this my group and recorded the final weights of each of the cylinders in the chronological order in which they were initially placed, and recorded it in our table. After recording our data we finally calculated the percent weight change for each of the cylinders. Our group then decided what the variables were and agreed that the independent variable was the concentration of the sucrose solution and the dependent variable was the percent change in weight. This experiment was repeated only once in the given time we had. Results: The osmotic concentration was determined by measuring the percent change n mass of the potato cylinders, Change in mass was measured of seven solutions, each containing different levels of concentration O, 01, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5, and 0. MM. The percent change in mass decreased as sucrose concentration increased, therefore, relative osmotic concentration also decreased as sucrose concentration increased. However, the osmotic concentration of 0. 3 M sucrose solution was relatively greater than that of 0. 2 M sucrose solution. In sucrose concentration 0. M, the osmotic concentration decreased almost double from that of 0. 5, and significantly from those of all other sucrose concentrations. The osmotic concentrations were greater than zero in sucrose solutions Of O, 0. 1, 0. 2, and 0. 3 M; these cells were hypotonic, meaning the potato had more solute. The osmotic concentrations were less than zero in sucrose solutions Of 0. 4, 0. 5, and 0. 6 M; these cells were hypersonic, meaning the solutions had less solute. Osmotic concentration decreased as sucrose concentration increased and cells became more concentrated. Table 1: Data for Experiment Estimating Similarity by Change in Weight sucrose Military (M) I O. OIC. 1 10. 210. 310. 4 Final weight (g) 2,2412. 21 12. 0511. 821 Initial weight (g) 2. 0312. 2412. 9 | 2. 06 | weight change (g) 1-0. 31-1. 41 -0241 % change in weights Discussion: When starting this experiment my group and I formulated and agreed upon the hypothesis of *if the concentration of the sucrose solutions in which the potato cylinders are in is changed, then I hypothesize that the final weight of the potato will also change. My group and also agreed upon the prediction of if the weight of the potato tuber changes when submerged in different sucrose concentrations, then I predict the weight change will decrease as the sucrose concentration increases. After conducting the experiment and obtained our exults, we found that our results support our hypothesis and prediction. The experiment supported our prediction because the sucrose solution diffused from areas Of high concentratio n to areas Of low concentration, thus affecting the final weight of potato cylinders when submerged in varying amounts of sucrose concentrations. According to the article Diffusion, Osmosis and Cell Membranes, There are two ways that the molecules in a solution move: passive transport and active transport Active transport requires that the cell use energy that it has obtained from food to move the molecules (or larger particles) through he cell membrane. Passive transport does not require such energy expenditure, and occurs spontaneously (Mishandles BIBB). Because the molecules in the sucrose solutions in our experiment were moving with the gradient meaning they were moving form areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration we found that the moment of the molecules was passive transport. The principle means of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated, In the solutions ranging from 0. 0-0. M the toot acted as the system and the solution concentration inside the system was greater than outside which was the sucrose solution, 50 water diffused into the system (potato) and caused it to become bloated. In the sucrose solutions 0. 4-06 it was hypersonic because the solution concentration was larger than the systems concentration so the cylinder decreased in size. This experiment allowed us to take a closer look at the biological process of life and how and why it works the way it does. This experiment allowed us to a take a deeper look into the mechanisms Of diffusion and osmosis and apply it real life examples. According to the book, Cell and molecular biology: concepts and experiments, When a diluted solution and a concentrated solution are separated by a membrane, there is a net transfer of the solvent from the diluted solution to the concentrated one. Entry Of water into root hairs and movement Of water Within the plant body are good examples of osmosis (Kara 1391). Osmosis plays a significant role in life first, the entry of water in to the roots from the soil takes place by this process, cell to cell diffusion of water is controlled through this process, young cells require turgid condition for their growth which is fulfilled by osmosis, and last turgidity of cells is maintained by the process of osmosis (Kara 1999). A few errors were made in the experiment but none were significant enough to heavily affect our results, For example, the lengths of the individual potato cylinders may have differed slightly; we may have made mistakes when measuring a specific amount of the sucrose concentrations. We also believe that the potato cylinders should have been incubated longer, ours incubated tort 1 hour I Minutes and the instructions said to incubate for at least I hours. For the most part these mistakes seemed to be small and not significant because in he end our prediction and hypothesis was supported. Thought that this was an interesting lab to participate in especially because this experiment has been conducted several times by other biology labs, dont really believe there were any significant weaknesses to our experiment except maybe the time.

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today Customer service jobs exist in every industry. If you enter this field, your  job will be to work with customers to answer their questions, deal with their complaints, and serve as a   representative to offer information about what your company does and/or sells. Mostly your interactions will be via phone, but customer service representatives also interact with customers over email, live chat, or face-to-face. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,  although customer service representatives are employed in almost every  industry, the majority work in telephone call centers, credit and insurance agencies, banks, and retail stores.Here is a list of titles that fall under the Customer Service umbrella.Customer Service Job TitlesCall Center AnalystCall Center CoordinatorCall Center DirectorCall Center ManagerCall Center Project ManagerCall Center RepresentativeCall Center SupervisorCustomer Care CoordinatorCustomer Loyalty SpecialistCustomer Service AdministratorCustomer Se rvice AnalystCustomer Service SupervisorClient Services DirectorClient Services ExecutiveClient Services ManagerClient Success DirectorClient Success ManagerClient Success SpecialistClient TrainerCustomer AdvocateCustomer Development AnalystCustomer Development DirectorCustomer Development ManagerCustomer Development SpecialistCustomer Program ManagerCustomer Retention DirectorCustomer Retention SpecialistCustomer Retention SupervisorCustomer Service Account ManagerCustomer Service AssistantCustomer Service ManagerCustomer Service RepresentativeCustomer Service TrainerCustomer Solutions ManagerCustomer Solutions ProviderCustomer Success RepresentativeCustomer Support EngineerCustomer Support Project ManagerCustomer Support Team ManagerDirector of Customer RelationsDirector of Technical SupportFront End ManagerFront End SpecialistGreeterMembership AssistantMembership ConsultantMembership CoordinatorMembership DirectorMembership ManagerMembership RepresentativeProduct TrainerRetention ManagerSenior Technical Support EngineerService Delivery AnalystService Delivery DirectorService Delivery ManagerTechnical Services CoordinatorTechnical Support EngineerTechnical Support RepresentativeTechnical Support Team ManagerTelephone OperatorTelephone Operator SupervisorTicket ScannerVice President, Call CenterVP Client ServicesVP Customer RetentionWarranty AdministratorWarranty ManagerWarranty RepresentativeWarranty TechnicianWhile the specific duties and traits of customer service representatives vary by industry, the common thread successful employees will have are  people skills and an ability to retain and explain large amounts of knowledge about a product or company. Experience using computer software applications is key, and will increase your hireability.In order to enter this field, most jobs require you to have  a high school diploma or equivalent. According to BLS,  employment of customer service representatives is projected to grow 10 percent through 2024, faster than the average for all occupations, and the median hourly wage for the field  is around $15.25.

Forum 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum 4 - Assignment Example Cars in India and China have effective design that suits the consumers’ demands. Cars are designed to provide efficiency, high quality and attractive style. Indian consumers demand cars that have maximum passenger space for use as family vehicles. Other design considerations by car consumers in India include safety, comfort and utility. Designers of cars in Indian and Chinese cars understand the consumers’ unique demands while offering affordable prices. Designers combine diverse dimensions such as functionality, affordability and consumer demand characteristics. Design for reliability implies that goods perform best under their specified conditions for the period stated by the manufacturer or producer. Designers should detect possibilities of potential failure occurrence for a specified design. It informs product simplification. In the case of IBM, the use of acoustic foam in computer panels produced chemical-based adhesives. Chemical-based adhesives hindered recycling and increased greenhouse gas emission. That was an example of improper product design. IBM eliminated the chemical-based adhesive to enhance recycling and reduction of greenhouse gas emission. IBM’s decision to eliminate the chemical-based adhesive improved its products’

Challenges of Tourism in Orlando Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Challenges of Tourism in Orlando - Essay Example The growth of Orlando from a small town to a large internationally-recognized tourist city has been shaped by several factors. The hostilities between Settlers and Seminole Indians resulted in Florida’s statehood. In the 1860s, cattle ranching was the widely practiced activity in Central Florida. However, the practice was characterized by chaos resulting in the violent cattle wars of the 1860s (Frommers, 2015). Earlier, infrastructure was absent, and its development began in the 1870s. As the years progressed, cattle ranching was abandoned, and residents picked up citrus farming, industrialization, and real estate development. Fires and fruit-fly infestation rolled back the gains, but infrastructure expansion and the population growth continued during the Second World War.Postwar prosperity of Orlando was contributed by the strong financial and transportation infrastructure developed during the Second World War. Also, the advent of the air-conditioner attracted more people to the city. The bustling tourism industry discharged millions of dollars into the local economy and the massive industrialization in the 1950s contributed to rapid growth. Elsewhere, the prosperity has been characterized by the absence of civil behavior. The cattle wars of 1860’s saw the seeds for gunfights, bar brawls, and murders. The problem of cattle rustling is an activity that petered down, but has persisted up to now. Orlando’s tourism industry is characterized by theme parks populated with hotel chains and numerous restaurants.

Asian Financial Crisis 1997 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

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Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay

Advantages And Limitations Of Each Source Of Finance Finance Essay This assignment covers all detail about sources of finance. The aim of the research is to identify different sources of finance like short-term finance, medium-term finance and long-term finance. The first part of the assignment gives you an introduction about sources of finance. The second part covers short-term sources of finance and their advantages and limitations. The third part covers medium-term sources of finance and their advantages and disadvantages. And the last part covers long-term sources of finance and its merits and demerits. Sources of Finance Introduction As you know food is necessary for human life. Similarly finance is the heart of any business. It is most important for modern business, which requires huge capital. Finance could be needed for new businesses, when they recover a cash flow problem, new machinery, set up a new plant or takeover another business. Generally funds required for businesses are classified into short term, medium term and long term. In this section we look at the different source of finance and see the advantages and limitations of each. Business Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Shares -Equity Share -Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Trade Credit Overdraft Bill Discounting Customers Advances Instalment Credits Loan from Co-operative banks Short Term Source Long Term Source Medium Term Source Sources of Finance Short Term Sources of Finance Definition When we want to establish a new business, it is essential to know the amount of finance required. Some sources are overdraft, customer advances, loan from co-operatives, cash and trade credit etc. that make money for short time. It is called short-term source of finance. Generally Short-term is only for 1 year. In this section we learn about above source of finance and their relative advantages and limitations. Short-term sources of finance: Trade Credit Overdraft Discounting of bills Customers advances Instalment Credit Loan from co-operative bank Trade Credit : Providing business customers with time to arrange for the payment of goods they have already received. This period is one of the interest free credit. It is a costly source of finance. Trade credit is used when the buyer is not able to pay the real cost of goods. 1Trade credit refers to credit granted to manufactures and traders by the suppliers of the raw materials, finished goods, components etc. Usually business enterprises by supplies on a 30 to 90 days credit. Advantages of Trade Credit: If new business start up has trade credit, they will not need more money in capital. It is a good idea to someone who want to start a new business with less money. You can buy goods and make payment later when you sold all the goods and get some money or make a good profit. The time period may be after 25-30 days. Business can look in good position without having any serious trouble in immediate payment, which may set them back. Trade Credit improve the cash flow and provide easy platform for business. With the trade credit, business can focus on other area like sales, marketing and other research. Trade credit is available only with purchase of raw material or finished goods. The term and conditions of trade credit very according to the custom and usage of trade. Disadvantages of Trade Credit: If repayments are not made by in time, the business will receive a very bad credit history. They will not trusted in the future, if your business require any loan or trade credit. If company has a good credit history, it will get trade credit but these can be hard to build up for new business. Overdraft : It is a common source of short term finance because of its flexibility. When borrowed fund are not require longer time they can pay easily and quick. The risks to the lender are less then a long term loan because it is very cheap. 2When a bank allows its depositors or account holders to withdraw money in excess of the balance in his account upto a specified limit, it is known as overdraft facility. This limit is granted purely on the basis of credit-worthiness of the borrower. Advantages of Overdraft: Flexible 3 An overdraft is there when you need it and cost is zero (in case of small fee) when you do not need. It allows you to make essential payments whilst chasing up your own payments, and helps to maintain cash flow. Quick It is very easy and quick to arrange, providing a good cash flow backup with the minimum of fuss. It allow to make essential payment whilst chasing up your own payment and help to maintain cash flow. You only need to borrow what you need at that time. Disadvantages of Overdraft: Cost Sometimes it carry very higher interest rates and fees then loan. This makes them very expensive. Recall The bank can take back the entire overdraft amount at any time if you have broken terms and conditions or it may happen if you fail to make other payment. Security Overdraft may need to be secured against your business assets, which put them at risk if you fail in repayment. Bill Discounting : Some bank provide short-term loan by discounting bill of exchange. In such cases bank deduct discount while making payment. The amount of discount is generally equal to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. The advantages and disadvantages from this source are following. 4When these document is presented before the bank for discounting, banks credit the amount to customers account after deducting discount. The amount of discount is equal to the amount of interest for the period of bill. Advantages of Bill Discounting: Availability of cash The drawer gets cash immediately by the discounting bill. He does not have to wait for the payment until the expiry of credit period mansion on the bill. Security Bank normally do not ask for any other security while making payment against the bill discounted. However if customer is interested, banks also grant him limit for discounting of bill. This limit is identify as a limit against discounting bill. Nature of liability for repayment Repayment of money advanced against discounted bill is the responsibility of the drawee of bill of exchange. In case drawee does not pay or refuse the pay, the drawer who got payment after discounting the bill is held responsible for payment. Disadvantages of Bill Discounting: Advance payment of interest While discounting a bill, bank deduct the discount and balance is credited in customers account. This discount is similar to the amount of interest for the remaining period of payment. Thus a person receiving money through discounting of bill has to offer advance interest on the amount of bill. Facility is subject to the parties credit Normally banks extend this facility after being satisfied with the credit of parties involved. Bank may be ask for some security. So, it is not a easy available facility. Problem when non-payment Bills not paid upon maturity are to be certified by Notary Public and a certain amount in the form of nothing is paid. Thus it became an additional burden. Customers Advances : The advance make by the customer against the value of order placed. Thus the remaining amount of goods to be supplied later. Let see more details about the advantages and limitations. Advantages of Customers Advances: Interest Free Amount offered as advance is interest free. Hence the funds are available without any involving problem. No Security The seller is not required to deposit any major security while demanding advance from the customer. Thus assets remain free of charge. Repayment Ones money received in advance will not be refunded. Hence there are no procedures for repayment. Disadvantages of Customers Advances: Limited amount Amount received from a customer is subject to the value of order. Borrowers demand may be more then the advance amount. Limited Period The period of advance amount is only up to the delivery goods. It cannot be renewed. Penalty Normally advances are subject to the condition that if goods are not delivered on time then order would be cancelled and advance amount would be refunded with interest. Instalment Credit : Instalment credit is a system under which a small payment is made at the time of taking the goods and remaining amount is paid in instalment. Generally instalment amount is including of interest. The advantages and limitations of this system are as under: Advantages of Instalment Credit: Ownership of asset Delivery of good is assured immediately on payment of down payment. Convenient payment of assets Costly assets which can not purchase directly with full payment can be purchase by instalment payment. Saving of one time investment If the price of asset is high and lumpsum amount is made then the business fund are blocked. In this case instalment credit leads to saving of one time investment. More facility for business If the facility of payment in instalment is available then business firm can afford to by new furniture, machinery or other necessary things. Thus, your business reputation looked in good condition by instalment credit. Disadvantages of Instalment Credit: Commitment for payment Payment in instalment is a commitment. So you have to pay your instalment in whatever condition of your business. Necessary to pay interest Payment of interest is necessary in this system. Generally sellers charge very high rate of interest. More interest If buyer fail to pay the instalment, seller sometimes impose penalty or additional interest. Loan from Co-operative bank : Co-operatives banks are good source of short-term finance. Membership is the primary condition for securing loan in this bank. This bank grant loans for personal and business purposes too. The advantages and limitations of this bank are as under: Advantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans create a sense of thrift among the low-income group. Being a member of co-operative bank, the borrower can participate in the management. Loan generally granted at a lower rate of interest. Loan from this banks are easily available. Loans are given for good purposes that help to develop the financial and social status of the people. Sometimes these banks organise training program for member to familiars them with the various avenues of the business and regarding proper utilisation of loan money. Disadvantages of Loan from Co-operative bank: These loans are available only to members. Loan from this bank is available only for limited purposes. Co-operative banks depend on the supports of the government. So, government rules and regulations sometimes may be makes in trouble to the borrowers. These bank find it difficult to ensure repayment of loan money due to inadequate information about the need and utilisation of fund by the borrower. There is little scrutiny of the repaying capacity of the loan seeker at the time of granting loan. Medium Term Source of Finance Definition Medium term source of finance means fund does not require more then 3 years. Normally medium term funds are require by business for repairing and maintenance of machinery or other equipment. So firm get this finance from bank or other kind of source. Medium term source of finance: Leasing Public Deposit Mortgage Leasing : Leasing is the method of capital funding requirement. Leasing based on the principal that income is earned from the use of an asset. The advantages and limitations of leasing are following: Advantages of Leasing: Reduced initial cash flow The big advantage of leasing equipment is that the cost is spread over a number of years. You have not to pay the entire amount upfront. This can help to maintain cash flow. Poor cash flow is the main cause of small business and leasing can help you to keep it under better control. Budgeting Normally this is a fixed contract. So the amount can be worked into your business budget much more easily. Tax Advantages lease rentals are considered as an operating cost. So it is possible to deduct them from taxable profits. However, before the contract you should always check the equipment you are buying is eligible or not. Security When you lease the product, you are not owner of this product. It means the leasing company gives better security. You dont need any further security to be able to start a contract. Disadvantages of Leasing: No ownership Main disadvantage is that you are not the owner of the product. It means the leasing company is the owner during and after the lease. As you do not own the product, you are unable to sell it in the event it is no longer needed, and you cannot upgrade to a newer or better product without either paying off the remaining contract, or paying a large fee to cancel the contract. No sell As you are not owner of the product, you can not sell it. If you do not longer needed, you have to pay large fee to cancel the contract. Termination Leases are very difficult to terminate early. Long term expense Although leasing allow you to avoid paying a large amount, but after a long time it works out considerably more expensive. Over the period of standard lease, you pay the actual cost of product and other charges. Maintenance You are responsible for maintenance of the product. If you have not trained employee to fix the equipment, this could be more costly in the serious fault. Some leasing company will allow you to cover maintenance cost but you have to pay some extra amount. Commitment Once you signed a lease contract, you are committed to making payment for the entire lease period even you stop using a property. Public Deposit : It is very old and popular source of finance. When modern banks were not established, people used to deposit their saving with reputed business. The maturity period for public deposit is minimum 6 months and maximum 3 years. The advantages and disadvantages of public deposit are following: Advantages of Public Deposit: Easy to deposit The method of borrowing money from public is very easy. It does not require many legal formalities. It has to be advertised to be newspaper. Easily available If companies have good reputation, they are able to obtain funds directly from public without any more financial difficulties. Income tax purpose Interest paid on this deposit is a deductible expenses for income tax. Fix rate The rate of interest on this deposit is fixed, it helps the company to play trading on equity, if the company is earning more then the rate of interest paid on public deposit. Flexibility Public deposit bring more flexibility in the structure of the capital of the company. These can be raised when needed and refunded when not needed. Disadvantages of Public Deposit: Insecurity Public deposits have no charge on the assets of the company. So it may be not safe to deposit saving in those companies which are not very popular. Uneconomical The rate of interest paid on public deposit may be low but there are other expenses like commission, which make it uneconomical. Short period Public deposits are available mainly for short period. So company cannot depend on it for a long time. Misuse The management may misuse your deposit. So in this case it is not secure. Bad effect on capital market It is an easy and cheaper source of raising money. Thus, more money deposited with the companies, there will be less investment in securities. Hence the capital market will not grow. Mortgage : A mortgage is a loan specially for the purchase of property. The borrower can use theirs own property as security for the loan. The advantages and limitations of mortgage are following: Advantages of Mortgage: Tax advantage The interest payment on the mortgage are tax deductible. Good cash flow With the use of mortgage, you are able to access to capital that you would not normally have access with nominal up-front payment and the flexibility in management of repayment plan. Cash flow management Mortgage plan are pre-set, so you can make plan for future cash management. Disadvantages of Mortgage: Collateral The nature of a mortgage require you to pledge the purchased property to the lender. When the mortgage is repaid, the owner is obligated to release the mortgage and is require to make available any government formalities. Defaults The lender may define a variety of events that will constitute a default on the mortgage, including failure to make any payment on time, bankruptcy, insolvency and breaches of any obligations in the mortgage agreement. Try to negotiate an advance written notice of any alleged default, with a reasonable amount of time to cure the default. Long Term Source of Finance Definition Long-term source of finance are those that are need over a longer period of time. Generally time duration may be more then 5 years. Long-term finance are needed for fund expansion, set up new office, buying new business or fixed assets like furniture, building, machinery, land etc. Funds require for this business is called long-term finance. The amounts of long-term capital depend upon the scale of business and nature of business. Following various sources of long-term finance and advantages and disadvantages of each source. Long-term source of finance: Shares Equity Share Preference Share Debentures Retained Earning Commercial Bank Loan Borrowing Shares : Shares is the main source of long-term finance. The joint stock companies issue shares to the general public. These shareholders are the owners of the company. There are two types of shares (1) Equity Share (2) Preference Share. Company divides its capital into units of particular value like  £10 each or  £200 each. Each unit is called share. Equity Share Dividend on these shares is paid after the fixed rate of dividend has been paid on the preference share. The rate of dividend is not fixed because it is depend upon the profit available. The equity shareholders control the affairs of the company and have an unlimited interest in the companys profit. The advantages and disadvantages of equity share are following: Advantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Income Profit The equity shareholders are the residual claimants of the profit. The company may add to the profit by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in good period. Rights Equity shareholders have right for voting to right persons as directors who can control and manage the affairs of the company. Transferable These shares are transferable units. The value of equity share goes up in the stock market with increase in profit of the concern. Advantages of Equity Share: [  [5]  For Limited Company ] A company can raised fixed capital by issuing equity shares without creating any charge on its fixed assets. The capital raised by issuing equity shares is not required to be paid back during the life time of the company. It will be paid back only if the company is wound up. There is no liability on the company regarding payment of dividend on equity shares. The company may declare dividend only, if there are enough profits. If a company raise more capital by issuing equity shares, it leads to greater confidence among the investors and creditors. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [ For Shareholders ] Irregular income The dividend on equity share is subject to availability of profit. If there are preference shareholders, they get first dividend before equity shareholders. Equity shareholders may get no dividend if company has not enough profit. Capital loss During recession period, the profit of the company come down and the rate of dividend also come down. Due to low rate of dividend the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. Dilution in control Each sale of equity shares dilutes the voting power of the existing equity shareholders. Equity shares are transferable and may bring about centralisation power in few hands. Impossible trading If equity shares alone are issued, the company cannot trade on equity. Over capitalisation If company issue more equity shares may result in over capitalisation. In that condition dividend per share is low which make bad effect on investor. High cost It cost more to finance with equity shares then with other securities as the selling costs and underwriting commission are paid at a higher rate on the issue of these shares. Speculation Equity shares of good companies are subject to hectic speculation in the stock market. Their prices change frequently which are not in the interest of the company. Disadvantages of Equity Share: [  [6]  For Limited Company ] No trading on equity Trading on equity means ability of a company to raise fund through preference shares, debentures and bank loan etc. On such funds the company has to pay at a fixed rate. This enables equity shareholders to enjoy a higher rate of return when profits are large. The major part of the profit earned is paid to the equity shareholders because borrowed funds carry only a fixed rate of interest. But if a company has only equity shares and does not have their preference shares, debentures or loans, it can not have the advantage of trading on equity. Conflict of interests As the equity share holders carry voting rights, groups are formed to corner the votes and grab the control of the company. There develops conflict of interest which is harmful for the smooth functioning of a company. Preference Share Rising capital by issue of these shares is a most important method of rising long-term funds. Preference shares are the shares, which carry initial rights over the equity shares. These shares are receiving dividend at a fixed rate. All shareholders gets dividend regularly. The advantages and disadvantages of preference share are following: Advantages of Preference Share: Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if there is no profit. First right Preference shareholders have first right to get dividend. Thus they enjoy the minimum risk. Less capital losses As the initial right of repayment of their capital in case of winding up he company, it saves them from capital losses. Fair security Preference share are fair security for the shareholders during depression period when profit of the company are down. Disadvantages of Preference Share: No Voting right Preference shareholders have no any voting rights in the company. Fixed income The dividend payable on preference shares is on fixed rates even if the company earns higher profit. No claim on surplus amount The shareholders have no rights to claim on surplus amount. They can only ask for the capital investment in the company. Not secure They cannot be secure on the companys assets. Debentures : Whenever company want to borrow a large amount of money for long but fixed period, it can borrow from the general public by issuing loan certificate called debenture. The holders of the debentures are the creditors of the company. The total amount is divided into units of fixed amount. These are offered to the genera public to subscribe in the same manner as in done in the case of share. A debenture is issued under the common seal of the company. It is a written acknowledgment of money borrowed. For example, if company need  £5,000,000 for 10 years, it will issued debentures. Each cost of debenture may be  £100. Advantages of Debentures: Creditors Debenture holders are the creditors of the company. Allowing control over the company Debenture holders have no right either to vote or take part in the management of the company. Reliable Source These are repayable after a fixed period of time, the company can make the best use of money. It helps long term planning. Tax benefit Interest paid on debenture is treated as a expense and is charged to the profit of the company. Thus the company saves income tax. Safety Debenture are more secure. When the company is winding up, they are repayable before any payment is made to the shareholders. Disadvantages of Debentures: More finance more difficulty Debenture finance enables a company to trade on equity. But more finance leaves little for shareholders, as most of the profits may be require paying interest on debentures. Burden in time of depression During depression time the profit of the company decline. It may be difficult to pay interest on debenture. As interest goes on accumulating, it may lead to the closure of the company. Cant borrow money Usually debentures are secure. The company creates a charge on its assets in favour of debenture holders. So the company, which does not have own enough assets, they cannot borrow money by issuing debentures. Burden As the interest on debenture have to be paid every year whether there are profits or loss. It becomes burden in case of company incurs loses. Retained Earning : The part of the profit which is not distributed among the shareholders but is retained and is used in business is called retained earning. As per Indian company Act. Companies are require to transfer a part of their profit in reserves. The amount so kept in reserve may be used to buy fixed assets. This is called internal financing. Advantages of Retained Earning: Cheap There are no expenses behind earning capital from this source. There is no obligation on the part of the company either to pay interest or pay back the money. It can safely used for business. Financial Stability A company which has enough reserves can face ups and downs in business. Such companies can continue with their business even in depression, thus building up its goodwill. Good for shareholders Shareholders may get dividend out of reserves if the company does not earn enough profit. Due to reserve, there is capital appreciation, i.e. the value of shares go up in the share market. Disadvantages of Retained Earning: If Huge profit This method of financing is possible only then there are huge profits and that too for many years. Dissatisfaction When funds accumulate in reserves, bonus shares are issued to the shareholders to capitalise such funds. Hence the company has to pay more dividend. By retained earning the real capital does not increase while the liability increases. In case bonus shares are not issued, it may create a situation of under-capitalisation because the rate of dividend will be much higher as compared to other companies. Monopoly Through ploughing back of profits, companies increase their financial strength. Companies may throw out their competitors from the market and monopolize their position. Mis-management of funds Capital accumulated through retained earnings encourages management to spend carelessly. Commercial Bank Loan : Some commercial banks giving loans for a long period. i.e. for more than ten year. The period of repayment of long is extended at intervals long period. Commercial banks provide long term finance to small scale units in the priority sector. Advantages of Commercial Banks Loan  [7]  : It is a flexible source of finance as loans can be repaid when the need is met. Finance is available for a definite period, hence it is not a permanent burden. Banks keep the financial operations of their clients secret. Less time and cost is involved as compared to issue of shares, debentures etc. Banks do not interfere in the internal affairs of the borrowing concern, hence the management retains the control of the company. Loans can be paid-back in easy installments. In case of small-scale industries and industries in villages and backward areas, the interest charged is low. Disadvantages of Commercial Banks Loan : Banks require personal guarantee or pledge of assets and business cannot raise further loans on these assets. In case the short-term loans are extended again and again, there is always uncertainty about this continuity. Too many formalities are to be fulfilled for getting term loans from banks. These formalities make the borrowings from banks time consuming and inconvenient. Borrowing 8 : Most business rely on borrowings as well as equity to finance operations. Lenders enter into a contract with the business in which the rate of interest, dates of interest payment, capital payments and security far the borrowing are clearly stated. In the event that the interest payment or capital payments are net made on the due dates, the lender will usually have the right, under the terms of the contract, to seize the asset on which the loan is secured and sell them in order to reply the amount outstanding, security for loan may take the form at a fixed charge on particular assets at the business or a floating charge on the whole at its assets. A floating charge will float over the assets and will only fix on particular assets in the event that the business defaults on its borrowing obligations. Advantages of Borrowing  [9]  : Local savers may provide less costly funds; an important habit among clients and the public is rewarded. Lower interest loans provide experience for the company in borrowed funds Local bank become familiar with micro and small enterprise potentials. Access to larger sums more quickly based on track record. Allow longer term projections than grants Provides a discipline similar to that of micro and small enterprise clients. Disadvantages of Borrowing : Too many subsidized loans can retard move to market rate. Loans may be dollarized in inflationary situation. Local banks may not be willing to be cooperative.

Critique Of The Cabinet Of Dr. Caligari Essay examples -- essays resea

Critique Of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, and directed by Robert Weine. It was produced in 1919 by Erich Pommer for Decla-Bioscop. 1919 was a year in which the movie industry was transformed into a giant industry. Although the movie was produced in 1919, it was not released in the United States until 1921. A time when film makers were out to prove that film was indeed art. In the year 1921 525 films were released out of those 525, 50 still exist today, one of those 50 is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. At the time of its release in America, horror films were virtually unheard of because filmakers felt that the subject matter was tasteless or even repulsive, not to mention di...

Stop Welfare Abuse to Build the Work Ethics

Valbona Bajrami Stop welfare abuse to build the work ethics America the promised land, America with 37 million poor citizens living under welfare recipients! But, are all these people really poor? Are all these people in real need to live in the shoulders of American taxpayer, or are they â€Å"spineless creatures† who abuse state benefits? These questions deserve to be answers for all taxpayers who not only sweat by working, but they must also pay for all those that are nothing more than parasites.Our government is all about training these people to live in poverty and in return they have children who grow up to believe that the government should pay their way. According to the Census report, 11. 3 percent to 15. 1 percent of the population was living in poverty over the past 20 years. Around 45 percent of them own their own homes, have car, cable, and satellite TV. Overall, when Obama became president, he decided to equip with mobile phones all those who receive welfare.The average poor American has more living space than the average individual not classified as poor living throughout Europe. The number of teen pregnancy increases day by day, and unfortunately the most of them were raised in circle of poverty and dependent on the benefits of welfare. What is poverty indeed? The word â€Å"poverty† suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter, so the above mentioned facts do not show any degree of poverty.It seems that collecting welfare has become a way of life for some, which caused laziness, increased the number of drug users, increase of family violence because they don’t have nothing else to do except to attract and seek benefits from state. They prefer to be let go from work so that they can get paid to sit on their behind. Now the government plans to let the food stamp card to be used in fast food chains and buy junk food instead of cooking? This has to stop! Some tax payers can't afford to eat out, now these irresponsible people want us to pay for their fast food?Wake up law maker, we are tired of this. Drug test them and let the people vote whether they want to be so generous with their tax dollars or not. Give them 3 months to get back on their feet, and then shut them off because they apparently are not aware that they are damaging their children by learning them to live in cycle of welfare. Reported cases of child abuse and neglect among poor children is almost 7 times as great as the incidence among non-poor children .These people complain about their living budget, always in search of humanitarian organizations and often complain that the state is not fulfilling their needs. Because of their behavior the famous quote of Douglas Coupland comes to my mind â€Å"Blame is just a lazy person's way of making sense of chaos. † I see people my age who receive unemployment checks, food stamps; you name it, and they are doing absolutely nothi ng to change it, even turning down advancements at their jobs so they can continue to receive the same amount of aide.It is important to recognize that job opportunities do exist for individuals willing to accept them. The government should end welfare because there are more people that abuse it then need it. People on welfare do not respect the value and hard work of US taxpayers. It is really upsetting that they don’t do anything to better themselves. If we stop the welfare, poor people would be more likely to go to work, starting to climb the ladder that will lead out of poverty and teach their kids the value of education and work ethic.

Mother Tongue and Foreign Language Learning Essay

These five basic theories are, furthermore, very much complementary to each other, serving different types of learners or representing various cases of language learning. They must not automatically make us presume that first and second language learning are identical or alike processes, though second language learning is strongly tied up with first language acquisition. Obviously, native language growth must pave the way for foreign language growth. Then these five basic language learning theories are fundamental pillars of language learning whose relevance to education is undeniable. The Principle of the Behaviorist Theory The behaviorist theory believes that â€Å"infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. Human role models in an infant’s environment provide the stimuli and rewards,† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). When a child attempts oral language or imitates the sounds or speech patterns they are usually praised and given affection for their efforts. Thus, praise and affection becomes the rewards. However, the behaviorist theory is scrutinized for a variety of reasons. If rewards play such a vital component in language development, what about the parent who is inattentive or not present when the child attempts speech? If a baby’s language learning is motivated strictly by rewards would the speech attempts stop merely for lack of rewards (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004)? Other cases against this theory include â€Å"learning the use and meaning of abstract words, evidence of novel forms of language not modeled by others, and uniformity of language acquisition in humans† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). The Background of the Behaviorist Theory I) Behaviorist theory dwells on spoken language. That is, primary medium of language is oral: speech is language because there are many languages without written forms, because we learn to speak before we learn to read and write. Then, language is primarily what is spoken and secondarily what is written. That’s why spoken language must have a pri ¬ority in language teaching. 2)Behaviorist theory is the habit formation theory of language teaching and learning, reminding us the learning of structural grammar. Language learning concerns us by â€Å"not problem-solving but the in ¬formation and performance of habits† (Nelson Brooks, 1960; 46-47). In other words, language learning is a mechanical process leading the learners to habit formation whose underlying scheme is the conditioned reflex. Thus it is definitely true that language is controlled by the con ¬sequences of behavior. 3)The stimulus-response chain, Response, is a pure ease of conditioning. Behaviorist learning theory â€Å"emphasizes conditioning and building from the simplest conditioned responses to more and more complex behaviors† (David S. Palermo, 1978; 19-20). This comes to mean that clauses and sentences are learned linearly as longer and lon ¬ger stimulus-response chains, produced in a left-to right series of sequence like as probabilistic incidents, which are basically Markov’s processes. Each stimulus is thus thc caser of a response, and each response becomes the initiator of a stimulus, and this process goes on and on in this way. 4) All learning is the establishment of habits as the result of rein ¬forcement and reward. Positive reinforcement is reward while negative reinforcement is punishment. In a stimulus situation, a response is exer ¬ted, and if the response is positively augmented by a reward, then the association between the stimulus and response is itself reinforced and thus the response will very likely be manipulated by every appearance of stimulus. The result will yield conditioning. When responses to stimuli are coherently reinforced, then habit formation is established. It is be ¬cause of this fact that this theory is termed habit-formation-by-reinfor ¬cement theory. 5) The learning, due to its socially-conditioned nature, can be the same for each individual. In other words, each person can learn equally if the conditions in which the learning takes place are the same for each person. The behaviorist theory believes that â€Å"infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, rewards, and practice. Human role models in an infant’s environment provide the stimuli and rewards,† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). When a child attempts oral language or imitates the sounds or speech patterns they are usually praised and given affection for their efforts. Thus, praise and affection becomes the rewards. However, the behaviorist theory is scrutinized for a variety of reasons. If rewards play such a vital component in language development, what about the parent who is inattentive or not present when the child attempts speech? If a baby’s language learning is motivated strictly by rewards would the speech attempts stop merely for lack of rewards (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004)? Other cases against this theory include â€Å"learning the use and meaning of abstract words, evidence of novel forms of language not modeled by others, and uniformity of language acquisition in humans† (Cooter & Reutzel, 2004). Behaviorist theory, which is basically a psychological theory in its essence, founded by J. B. Watson, is actually a theory of native language learning, advanced in part as a reaction to traditional grammar. The supporters of this theory are Leonard Bloomfield, O. N. Mowrer, B. F. Skinner, and A. W. Staats. Behaviorism was advanced in America as a new approach to psychology in the early decades of the 20th-century by making a particular emphasis on the importance of verbal behavior, and received a considerable trust from the educational world of 1950s. The major principle of the behaviorist theory rests on the analyses of human behavior in observable stimulus-response interaction and the association between them. E. L. T. Thorndike was the first behaviorist to explore the area that learning is the establishment of associations on particular process of behavior and consequences of that behavior. Basically, â€Å"the behaviorist theory of stimulus-response learning, particularly as developed in the operant conditioning model of Skinner, considers all learning to be the establishment of habits as a result of reinforcement and reward† (Wilga Rivers, 1968, 73). This is very reminiscent of Pavlov’s experiment which indicates that stimulus and response work together. According to this category, the babies obtain native language habits via varied babblings which resemble the appropriate words repeated by a person or object near him. Since for his babblings and mutterings he is rewarded, this very reward reinforces further articulations of the same sort into grouping of syllables and words in a similar situation. In this way, he goes on emitting sounds, groups of sounds, and as he grows up he combines the sentences via generalizations and analogy (as in *goed for went, *doed, for did, so on), which in some complicated cases, condition him to commit errors by articulating in permissible structures in speech. By the age of five or six, or babblings and mutterings grow into socialized speech but little by little they are internalized as implicit speech, and thus many of their utterances become indistinguishable from the adults. This, then, obviously, means that behaviorist theory is a theory of stimulus-response psychology. â€Å"Through a trial-and-error process, in which acceptable utterances are reinforced by comprehension and approval, and un acceptable utterances are inhibited by the lack of reward, he gradually learns to make finer and finer discriminations until his utterances approximate more and more closely the speech of the community in which he is growing up (Wilga M. Rivers, 1968; 73). To put it in other words, children develop a natural affinity to learn the language of their social surroundings whose importance both over language learning and teaching must never be underestimated. In this respect behaviorist theory stresses the fact that â€Å"human and animal learning is a process of habit formation. A highly complex learning task, according to this theory may be learned by being broken’ down into smaIl habits. These are formed correct or incorrect responses, are rewarded or, punished, respectively ‘. (Hubbard Jones and Thornton Wheeler, 1983; 326). Thus it is clear that the acquisition of learning in infancy is governed the acquisition of other habits. Basic Tenents of Behaviorist Theory The following principles illustrate the operating principles of behaviorism: Counterarguments on Behaviorist Theory of Language Learning Needless to say, language teaching anticipates certain theories on language learning because language learning as a fruitful area that embodies the working of human behavior and mental processes of the learners. Each theory may not be complete model for the investigation of language learning. The following counter-arguments can be made upon the working principles of behaviorist theory: 1) Basic strategies of language learning within the scope of behaviorist theory are imitation, reinforcement, and rewarding. However, researches made on the acquisition of learning have demonstrated that children’s imitation of structures show evidence of almost no innovation; moreover children â€Å"vary considerably in the amount that they imitate† (L. M. Bloom, L. Hood, and P. L. Lightbown, 1974; 380-420). Since children do not imitate such structures like words, phrases, clauses and sentences at the same rate they will naturally learn at different rates even though it must be admitted that imitation is very useful in the acquisition of new vocabulary items. As for reinforcement, â€Å"Unfortunately this view of learning receives little support from the available evidence† (Herbert H. Clark and Eve V. Clark, 1977; 336), for the parents only correct the sample structures, and complex structures are occasionally corrected. 2) In behaviorist theory, the process of learning relies more on generalization, rewarding, conditioning, three of which support the development of analogical learning in children. But it can be argued that a process of learning or teaching that encourages the learner to construct phrases, clauses and sentences modeled on previously settled set of rules and drills is thought to obstruct the instinctive production of language. Then, habit formation exercises may not naturally promote intrinsically oriented language learning. 3) Obstructions made on instinctively-based learning will doubtedlessly harm the creative way of learning. It takes a long time to be capable enough to master a language at least a bit intrinsically. There is a threshold level in language learning. This means that learners must learn consciously supported by repetition and drilling to build up an effective linguistic intuition, acquisition of which marks the establishment of threshold level. Before obtaining the threshold level, the language learner is not creative, cannot use the language properly in new situations in a real sense. it is, then, obvious that the intrinsic learning will be delayed, owing to the Iate acquisition of threshold level because of previously settled set of rules and drills. 4) The rate of social influence on learning is not satisfactorily explained. To what extent and rate, does the social surrounding promote language learning? This question remains unexplained. 5) It is highly unlikely for learning to be the same for each individual; that is, each person cannot learn equally well in the same conditions in which learning takes place, for the background and the experience of the learners make everybody learn differently. In addition, according to Chomsky, there must be some innate capacities which human beings possess that predispose them to look for basic patters in language. 6) The main strategies of the behaviorist theory can only be true for the early stages of learning which takes place when the kids are in infancy and in early childhood periods. Moreover, this theory is fruitful for the most part on animal experimentation and learning. 7) Many of the learning processes are mostly too complex, and for this reason there are intervening variable s, which cannot be observed between stimulus and response. â€Å"That’s why, language acquisition cannot take place through habit formation, since language learners are thrown between stimulus and response chain, for language is too far complicated to be learned in such a matter, especially given the brief time available. CONCLUSION It is clear that language learning and its development, for the behaviorists, is a matter of conditioning by means of imitation, practice, reinforcement, and habituation, which constitute the paces of language acquisition. It must be born in mind that all behavioristic theories of learning are associationistic, including Thorndike’s, Guthrie’s, Hull’s, Skinner’s, and the theory of the school of functionalism. Apparently, behaviorism has its shortcomings, but it cannot be denied that learning process is for the most part a behavioristic processing, a verbal behavior. In language teaching area, behaviorism establishes the basic background of exercises, either oral or written in viewing language as stimulus and response. In addition, it gives a great deal of insight into the recognition of the use of controlled observation to discover the laws of behavior. It has exerted a great impact by influencing many teaching methods on the area of language teaching, for example, Audiolingual Method, Total Physical Response, and Silent Way embody the behaviorist view of language; also, British Structuralism has created the theory of language called Situational Language Teaching. In a word behaviorist theory aims at discovering behavioral justifications for designing language teaching in certain ways, being a hub a of many language teaching and learning theories. It must not be forgotten that it has given a push for the creation of empiricist language learning which became very fashionable in U . S. A. and in Europe. BIBLlOGRAPHY Bloom, L. M. (1974). â€Å"Imitations in Language Development: If, When, and Why†, â€Å"Cognitive Psychology†, pp. 380-420. Brooks, Nelson (1960). â€Å"Language and Language Learning†. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Clark, Herbert and Eve Clark (1977). â€Å"Language and Psychology: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics†. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich. Jones, Hubbard and Thornton Wheeler (1983). † A Training Course for TEFL†. Oxford University Press. Palermo, David S. (1978). â€Å"Psychology of Language†. Dallas: Scott, Foresman and Co. Rivers, M. Wilga (1968). â€Å"Teaching Foreign Language Skills†. Chicago: Chicago University Press.